tinyply.h

/*
 * tinyply 2.2 (https://github.com/ddiakopoulos/tinyply)
 *
 * A single-header, zero-dependency (except the C++ STL) public domain implementation 
 * of the PLY mesh file format. Requires C++11; errors are handled through exceptions.
 *
 * This software is in the public domain. Where that dedication is not
 * recognized, you are granted a perpetual, irrevocable license to copy,
 * distribute, and modify this file as you see fit.
 *
 * Authored by Dimitri Diakopoulos (http://www.dimitridiakopoulos.com)
 *
 * tinyply.h may be included in many files, however in a single compiled file,
 * the implementation must be created with the following defined
 * before including the header.
 * #define TINYPLY_IMPLEMENTATION
 */

////////////////////////
//   tinyply header   //
////////////////////////

#ifndef tinyply_h
#define tinyply_h

#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <sstream>
#include <memory>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <map>

namespace tinyply
{

    enum class Type : uint8_t
    {
        INVALID,
        INT8,
        UINT8,
        INT16,
        UINT16,
        INT32,
        UINT32,
        FLOAT32,
        FLOAT64
    };

    struct PropertyInfo
    {
        int stride;
        std::string str;
    };

    static std::map<Type, PropertyInfo> PropertyTable
    {
        { Type::INT8,    { 1, "char" } },
        { Type::UINT8,   { 1, "uchar" } },
        { Type::INT16,   { 2, "short" } },
        { Type::UINT16,  { 2, "ushort" } },
        { Type::INT32,   { 4, "int" } },
        { Type::UINT32,  { 4, "uint" } },
        { Type::FLOAT32, { 4, "float" } },
        { Type::FLOAT64, { 8, "double" } },
        { Type::INVALID, { 0, "INVALID" } }
    };

    class Buffer
    {
        uint8_t * alias{ nullptr };
        struct delete_array { void operator()(uint8_t * p) { delete[] p; } };
        std::unique_ptr<uint8_t, decltype(Buffer::delete_array())> data;
        size_t size;
    public:
        Buffer() {};
        Buffer(const size_t size) : data(new uint8_t[size], delete_array()), size(size) { alias = data.get(); } // allocating
        Buffer(uint8_t * ptr) { alias = ptr; } // non-allocating, todo: set size?
        uint8_t * get() { return alias; }
        size_t size_bytes() const { return size; }
    };

    struct PlyData
    {
        Type t;
        size_t count;
        Buffer buffer;
        bool isList;
    };

    struct PlyProperty
    {
        PlyProperty(std::istream & is);
        PlyProperty(Type type, std::string & _name) : name(_name), propertyType(type) {}
        PlyProperty(Type list_type, Type prop_type, std::string & _name, size_t list_count) 
            : name(_name), propertyType(prop_type), isList(true), listType(list_type), listCount(list_count) {}
        std::string name;
        Type propertyType;
        bool isList{ false };
        Type listType{ Type::INVALID };
        size_t listCount{ 0 };
    };

    struct PlyElement
    {
        PlyElement(std::istream & istream);
        PlyElement(const std::string & _name, size_t count) : name(_name), size(count) {}
        std::string name;
        size_t size;
        std::vector<PlyProperty> properties;
    };

    struct PlyFile
    {
        struct PlyFileImpl;
        std::unique_ptr<PlyFileImpl> impl;

        PlyFile();
        ~PlyFile();

        /*
         * The ply format requires an ascii header. This can be used to determine at 
         * runtime which properties or elements exist in the file. Limited validation of the 
         * header is performed; it is assumed the header correctly reflects the contents of the 
         * payload. This function may throw. Returns true on success, false on failure. 
         */ 
        bool parse_header(std::istream & is);

        /* 
         * Execute a read operation. Data must be requested via `request_properties_from_element(...)` 
         * prior to calling this function.
         */
        void read(std::istream & is);

        /* 
         * `write` performs no validation and assumes that the data passed into 
         * `add_properties_to_element` is well-formed. 
         */
        void write(std::ostream & os, bool isBinary);

        /* 
         * These functions are valid after a call to `parse_header(...)`. In the case of
         * writing, get_comments() may also be used to add new comments to the ply header.
         */
        std::vector<PlyElement> get_elements() const;
        std::vector<std::string> get_info() const;
        std::vector<std::string> & get_comments();

        /*
         * In the general case where |list_size_hint| is zero, `read` performs a two-pass
         * parse to support variable length lists. The most general use of the
         * ply format is storing triangle meshes. When this fact is known a-priori, we can pass
         * an expected list length that will apply to this element. Doing so results in an up-front
         * memory allocation and a single-pass import, a 2x performance optimization.
         */
        std::shared_ptr<PlyData> request_properties_from_element(const std::string & elementKey, 
            const std::initializer_list<std::string> propertyKeys, const uint32_t list_size_hint = 0);

        void add_properties_to_element(const std::string & elementKey, 
            const std::initializer_list<std::string> propertyKeys, 
            const Type type, 
            const size_t count, 
            uint8_t * data, 
            const Type listType, 
            const size_t listCount);
    };

} // end namespace tinyply

#endif // end tinyply_h

////////////////////////////////
//   tinyply implementation   //
////////////////////////////////

#ifdef TINYPLY_IMPLEMENTATION

#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include <type_traits>
#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>

using namespace tinyply;
using namespace std;

template<typename T, typename T2> inline T2 endian_swap(const T & v) { return v; }
template<> inline uint16_t endian_swap<uint16_t, uint16_t>(const uint16_t & v) { return (v << 8) | (v >> 8); }
template<> inline uint32_t endian_swap<uint32_t, uint32_t>(const uint32_t & v) { return (v << 24) | ((v << 8) & 0x00ff0000) | ((v >> 8) & 0x0000ff00) | (v >> 24); }
template<> inline uint64_t endian_swap<uint64_t, uint64_t>(const uint64_t & v)
{
    return (((v & 0x00000000000000ffLL) << 56) |
            ((v & 0x000000000000ff00LL) << 40) |
            ((v & 0x0000000000ff0000LL) << 24) |
            ((v & 0x00000000ff000000LL) << 8)  |
            ((v & 0x000000ff00000000LL) >> 8)  |
            ((v & 0x0000ff0000000000LL) >> 24) |
            ((v & 0x00ff000000000000LL) >> 40) |
            ((v & 0xff00000000000000LL) >> 56));
}
template<> inline int16_t endian_swap<int16_t, int16_t>(const int16_t & v) { uint16_t r = endian_swap<uint16_t, uint16_t>(*(uint16_t*)&v); return *(int16_t*)&r; }
template<> inline int32_t endian_swap<int32_t, int32_t>(const int32_t & v) { uint32_t r = endian_swap<uint32_t, uint32_t>(*(uint32_t*)&v); return *(int32_t*)&r; }
template<> inline int64_t endian_swap<int64_t, int64_t>(const int64_t & v) { uint64_t r = endian_swap<uint64_t, uint64_t>(*(uint64_t*)&v); return *(int64_t*)&r; }
template<> inline float endian_swap<uint32_t, float>(const uint32_t & v) { union { float f; uint32_t i; }; i = endian_swap<uint32_t, uint32_t>(v); return f; }
template<> inline double endian_swap<uint64_t, double>(const uint64_t & v) { union { double d; uint64_t i; }; i = endian_swap<uint64_t, uint64_t>(v); return d; }

inline uint32_t hash_fnv1a(const std::string & str)
{
    static const uint32_t fnv1aBase32 = 0x811C9DC5u;
    static const uint32_t fnv1aPrime32 = 0x01000193u;
    uint32_t result = fnv1aBase32;
    for (auto & c : str) { result ^= static_cast<uint32_t>(c); result *= fnv1aPrime32; }
    return result;
}

inline Type property_type_from_string(const std::string & t)
{
    if (t == "int8" || t == "char")           return Type::INT8;
    else if (t == "uint8" || t == "uchar")    return Type::UINT8;
    else if (t == "int16" || t == "short")    return Type::INT16;
    else if (t == "uint16" || t == "ushort")  return Type::UINT16;
    else if (t == "int32" || t == "int")      return Type::INT32;
    else if (t == "uint32" || t == "uint")    return Type::UINT32;
    else if (t == "float32" || t == "float")  return Type::FLOAT32;
    else if (t == "float64" || t == "double") return Type::FLOAT64;
    return Type::INVALID;
}

typedef std::function<void(void * dest, const char * src, bool be)> cast_t;

struct PlyFile::PlyFileImpl
{
    struct PlyDataCursor
    {
        size_t byteOffset{ 0 };
        size_t totalSizeBytes{ 0 };
    };

    struct ParsingHelper
    {
        std::shared_ptr<PlyData> data;
        std::shared_ptr<PlyDataCursor> cursor;
        uint32_t list_size_hint;
    };

    struct PropertyLookup
    {
        ParsingHelper * helper{ nullptr };
        bool skip{ false };
        size_t prop_stride{ 0 }; // precomputed
        size_t list_stride{ 0 }; // precomputed
    };

    std::unordered_map<uint32_t, ParsingHelper> userData;

    bool isBinary = false;
    bool isBigEndian = false;
    std::vector<PlyElement> elements;
    std::vector<std::string> comments;
    std::vector<std::string> objInfo;
    uint8_t scratch[64]; // large enough for max list size

    void read(std::istream & is);
    void write(std::ostream & os, bool isBinary);

    std::shared_ptr<PlyData> request_properties_from_element(const std::string & elementKey,
        const std::initializer_list<std::string> propertyKeys,
        const uint32_t list_size_hint);

    void add_properties_to_element(const std::string & elementKey,
        const std::initializer_list<std::string> propertyKeys,
        const Type type, const size_t count, uint8_t * data, const Type listType, const size_t listCount);

    size_t read_property_binary(const Type & t, const size_t & stride, void * dest, size_t & destOffset, std::istream & is);
    size_t read_property_ascii(const Type & t, const size_t & stride, void * dest, size_t & destOffset, std::istream & is);

    std::vector<std::vector<PropertyLookup>> make_property_lookup_table()
    {
        std::vector<std::vector<PropertyLookup>> element_property_lookup;

        for (auto & element : elements)
        {
            std::vector<PropertyLookup> lookups;

            for (auto & property : element.properties)
            {
                PropertyLookup f;

                auto cursorIt = userData.find(hash_fnv1a(element.name + property.name));
                if (cursorIt != userData.end()) f.helper = &cursorIt->second;
                else f.skip = true;

                f.prop_stride = PropertyTable[property.propertyType].stride;
                if (property.isList) f.list_stride = PropertyTable[property.listType].stride;

                lookups.push_back(f);
            }

            element_property_lookup.push_back(lookups);
        }

        return element_property_lookup;
    }

    bool parse_header(std::istream & is);
    void parse_data(std::istream & is, bool firstPass);
    void read_header_format(std::istream & is);
    void read_header_element(std::istream & is);
    void read_header_property(std::istream & is);
    void read_header_text(std::string line, std::istream & is, std::vector<std::string> & place, int erase = 0);

    void write_header(std::ostream & os);
    void write_ascii_internal(std::ostream & os);
    void write_binary_internal(std::ostream & os);
    void write_property_ascii(Type t, std::ostream & os, uint8_t * src, size_t & srcOffset);
    void write_property_binary(Type t, std::ostream & os, uint8_t * src, size_t & srcOffset, const size_t & stride);
};

PlyProperty::PlyProperty(std::istream & is) : isList(false)
{
    std::string type;
    is >> type;
    if (type == "list")
    {
        std::string countType;
        is >> countType >> type;
        listType = property_type_from_string(countType);
        isList = true;
    }
    propertyType = property_type_from_string(type);
    is >> name;
}

PlyElement::PlyElement(std::istream & is)
{
    is >> name >> size;
}

template<typename T> inline T ply_read_ascii(std::istream & is)
{
    T data;
    is >> data;
    return data;
}

template<typename T, typename T2>
inline void endian_swap_buffer(uint8_t * data_ptr, const size_t num_bytes, const size_t stride)
{
    for (size_t count = 0; count < num_bytes; count += stride)
    {
        *(reinterpret_cast<T2 *>(data_ptr)) = endian_swap<T, T2>(*(reinterpret_cast<const T *>(data_ptr)));
        data_ptr += stride;
    }
}

template<typename T> void ply_cast_ascii(void * dest, std::istream & is)
{
    *(static_cast<T *>(dest)) = ply_read_ascii<T>(is);
}

int64_t find_element(const std::string & key, const std::vector<PlyElement> & list)
{
    for (size_t i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) if (list[i].name == key) return i;
    return -1;
}

int64_t find_property(const std::string & key, const std::vector<PlyProperty> & list)
{
    for (size_t i = 0; i < list.size(); ++i) if (list[i].name == key) return i;
    return -1;
}

bool PlyFile::PlyFileImpl::parse_header(std::istream & is)
{
    std::string line;
    while (std::getline(is, line))
    {
        std::istringstream ls(line);
        std::string token;
        ls >> token;
        if (token == "ply" || token == "PLY" || token == "") continue;
        else if (token == "comment")    read_header_text(line, ls, comments, 8);
        else if (token == "format")     read_header_format(ls);
        else if (token == "element")    read_header_element(ls);
        else if (token == "property")   read_header_property(ls);
        else if (token == "obj_info")   read_header_text(line, ls, objInfo, 9);
        else if (token == "end_header") break;
        else return false; // unexpected header field
    }
    return true;
}

void PlyFile::PlyFileImpl::read_header_text(std::string line, std::istream & is, std::vector<std::string>& place, int erase)
{
    place.push_back((erase > 0) ? line.erase(0, erase) : line);
}

void PlyFile::PlyFileImpl::read_header_format(std::istream & is)
{
    std::string s;
    (is >> s);
    if (s == "binary_little_endian") isBinary = true;
    else if (s == "binary_big_endian") isBinary = isBigEndian = true;
}

void PlyFile::PlyFileImpl::read_header_element(std::istream & is)
{
    elements.emplace_back(is);
}

void PlyFile::PlyFileImpl::read_header_property(std::istream & is)
{
    if (!elements.size()) throw std::runtime_error("no elements defined; file is malformed");
    elements.back().properties.emplace_back(is);
}

size_t PlyFile::PlyFileImpl::read_property_binary(const Type & t, const size_t & stride, void * dest, size_t & destOffset, std::istream & is)
{
    destOffset += stride;
    is.read((char*)dest, stride);
    return stride;
}

size_t PlyFile::PlyFileImpl::read_property_ascii(const Type & t, const size_t & stride, void * dest, size_t & destOffset, std::istream & is)
{
    destOffset += stride;
    switch (t)
    {
    case Type::INT8:       *((int8_t *)dest) = ply_read_ascii<int32_t>(is);   break;
    case Type::UINT8:      *((uint8_t *)dest) = ply_read_ascii<uint32_t>(is); break;
    case Type::INT16:      ply_cast_ascii<int16_t>(dest, is);                 break;
    case Type::UINT16:     ply_cast_ascii<uint16_t>(dest, is);                break;
    case Type::INT32:      ply_cast_ascii<int32_t>(dest, is);                 break;
    case Type::UINT32:     ply_cast_ascii<uint32_t>(dest, is);                break;
    case Type::FLOAT32:    ply_cast_ascii<float>(dest, is);                   break;
    case Type::FLOAT64:    ply_cast_ascii<double>(dest, is);                  break;
    case Type::INVALID:    throw std::invalid_argument("invalid ply property"); 
    }
    return stride;
}

void PlyFile::PlyFileImpl::write_property_ascii(Type t, std::ostream & os, uint8_t * src, size_t & srcOffset)
{
    switch (t)
    {
    case Type::INT8:       os << static_cast<int32_t>(*reinterpret_cast<int8_t*>(src));   break;
    case Type::UINT8:      os << static_cast<uint32_t>(*reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(src)); break;
    case Type::INT16:      os << *reinterpret_cast<int16_t*>(src);  break;
    case Type::UINT16:     os << *reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(src); break;
    case Type::INT32:      os << *reinterpret_cast<int32_t*>(src);  break;
    case Type::UINT32:     os << *reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(src); break;
    case Type::FLOAT32:    os << *reinterpret_cast<float*>(src);    break;
    case Type::FLOAT64:    os << *reinterpret_cast<double*>(src);   break;
    case Type::INVALID:    throw std::invalid_argument("invalid ply property");
    }
    os << " ";
    srcOffset += PropertyTable[t].stride;
}

void PlyFile::PlyFileImpl::write_property_binary(Type t, std::ostream & os, uint8_t * src, size_t & srcOffset, const size_t & stride)
{
    os.write((char *)src, stride);
    srcOffset += stride;
}

void PlyFile::PlyFileImpl::read(std::istream & is)
{
    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<PlyData>> buffers;
    for (auto & entry : userData) buffers.push_back(entry.second.data);

    // Discover if we can allocate up front without parsing the file twice 
    uint32_t list_hints = 0;
    for (auto & b : buffers) for (auto & entry : userData) list_hints += entry.second.list_size_hint;

    // No list hints? Then we need to calculate how much memory to allocate
    if (list_hints == 0) parse_data(is, true);

    // Count the number of properties (required for allocation)
    // e.g. if we have properties x y and z requested, we ensure
    // that their buffer points to the same PlyData 
    std::unordered_map<PlyData*, int32_t> unique_data_count;
    for (auto & ptr : buffers) unique_data_count[ptr.get()] += 1;

    // Since group-requested properties share the same cursor, 
    // we need to find unique cursors so we only allocate once
    std::sort(buffers.begin(), buffers.end());
    buffers.erase(std::unique(buffers.begin(), buffers.end()), buffers.end());

    // We sorted by ptrs on PlyData, need to remap back onto its cursor in the userData table
    for (auto & b : buffers)
    {
        for (auto & entry : userData)
        {
            if (entry.second.data == b && b->buffer.get() == nullptr)
            {
                // If we didn't receive any list hints, it means we did two passes over the
                // file to compute the total length of all (potentially) variable-length lists
                if (list_hints == 0)
                {
                    b->buffer = Buffer(entry.second.cursor->totalSizeBytes);
                }
                else
                {
                    // otherwise, we can allocate up front, skipping the first pass.
                    const size_t list_size_multiplier = (entry.second.data->isList ? entry.second.list_size_hint : 1);
                    auto bytes_per_property = entry.second.data->count * PropertyTable[entry.second.data->t].stride * list_size_multiplier;
                    bytes_per_property *= unique_data_count[b.get()];
                    b->buffer = Buffer(bytes_per_property);
                }

            }
        }
    }

    // Populate the data
    parse_data(is, false);

    if (isBigEndian)
    {
        for (auto & b : buffers)
        {
            uint8_t * data_ptr = b->buffer.get();
            const size_t stride = PropertyTable[b->t].stride;
            const size_t buffer_size_bytes = b->buffer.size_bytes();
    
            switch (b->t)
            {
            case Type::INT16:   endian_swap_buffer<int16_t, int16_t>(data_ptr, buffer_size_bytes, stride);   break;
            case Type::UINT16:  endian_swap_buffer<uint16_t, uint16_t>(data_ptr, buffer_size_bytes, stride); break;
            case Type::INT32:   endian_swap_buffer<int32_t, int32_t>(data_ptr, buffer_size_bytes, stride);   break;
            case Type::UINT32:  endian_swap_buffer<uint32_t, uint32_t>(data_ptr, buffer_size_bytes, stride); break;
            case Type::FLOAT32: endian_swap_buffer<uint32_t, float>(data_ptr, buffer_size_bytes, stride);    break;
            case Type::FLOAT64: endian_swap_buffer<uint64_t, double>(data_ptr, buffer_size_bytes, stride);   break;
            }
        }
    }
}

void PlyFile::PlyFileImpl::write(std::ostream & os, bool _isBinary)
{
	// reset cursors
	for (auto & d : userData) { d.second.cursor->byteOffset = 0; }
    if (_isBinary) write_binary_internal(os);
    else write_ascii_internal(os);
}

void PlyFile::PlyFileImpl::write_binary_internal(std::ostream & os)
{
    isBinary = true;
    write_header(os);

    uint8_t listSize[4] = { 0, 0, 0, 0 };
    size_t dummyCount = 0;

    auto element_property_lookup = make_property_lookup_table();

    size_t element_idx = 0;
    for (auto & e : elements)
    {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < e.size; ++i)
        {
            size_t property_index = 0;
            for (auto & p : e.properties)
            {
                auto & f = element_property_lookup[element_idx][property_index];
                auto * helper = f.helper;

                if (p.isList)
                {
                    std::memcpy(listSize, &p.listCount, sizeof(uint32_t));
                    write_property_binary(p.listType, os, listSize, dummyCount, f.list_stride);
                    write_property_binary(p.propertyType, os, (helper->data->buffer.get() + helper->cursor->byteOffset), helper->cursor->byteOffset, f.prop_stride * p.listCount);
                }
                else
                {
                    write_property_binary(p.propertyType, os, (helper->data->buffer.get() + helper->cursor->byteOffset), helper->cursor->byteOffset, f.prop_stride);
                }
                property_index++;
            }
        }
        element_idx++;
    }
}

void PlyFile::PlyFileImpl::write_ascii_internal(std::ostream & os)
{
    write_header(os);

    for (auto & e : elements)
    {
        for (size_t i = 0; i < e.size; ++i)
        {
            for (auto & p : e.properties)
            {
                auto & helper = userData[hash_fnv1a(e.name + p.name)];
                if (p.isList)
                {
                    os << p.listCount << " ";
                    for (int j = 0; j < p.listCount; ++j)
                    {
                        write_property_ascii(p.propertyType, os, (helper.data->buffer.get() + helper.cursor->byteOffset), helper.cursor->byteOffset);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    write_property_ascii(p.propertyType, os, (helper.data->buffer.get() + helper.cursor->byteOffset), helper.cursor->byteOffset);
                }
            }
            os << "\n";
        }
    }
}

void PlyFile::PlyFileImpl::write_header(std::ostream & os)
{
    const std::locale & fixLoc = std::locale("C");
    os.imbue(fixLoc);

    os << "ply\n";
    if (isBinary) os << ((isBigEndian) ? "format binary_big_endian 1.0" : "format binary_little_endian 1.0") << "\n";
    else os << "format ascii 1.0\n";

    for (const auto & comment : comments) os << "comment " << comment << "\n";

    for (auto & e : elements)
    {
        os << "element " << e.name << " " << e.size << "\n";
        for (const auto & p : e.properties)
        {
            if (p.isList)
            {
                os << "property list " << PropertyTable[p.listType].str << " "
                   << PropertyTable[p.propertyType].str << " " << p.name << "\n";
            }
            else
            {
                os << "property " << PropertyTable[p.propertyType].str << " " << p.name << "\n";
            }
        }
    }
    os << "end_header\n";
}

std::shared_ptr<PlyData> PlyFile::PlyFileImpl::request_properties_from_element(const std::string & elementKey,
    const std::initializer_list<std::string> propertyKeys,
    const uint32_t list_size_hint)
{
    // Each key in `propertyKey` gets an entry into the userData map (keyed by a hash of
    // element name and property name), but groups of properties (requested from the
    // public api through this function) all share the same `ParsingHelper`. When it comes 
    // time to .read(), we check the number of unique PlyData shared pointers
    // and allocate a single buffer that will be used by each individual property. 
    ParsingHelper helper;
    helper.data = std::make_shared<PlyData>();
    helper.data->count = 0;
    helper.data->isList = false;
    helper.data->t = Type::INVALID;
    helper.cursor = std::make_shared<PlyDataCursor>();
    helper.list_size_hint = list_size_hint;

    if (elements.empty()) throw std::runtime_error("header had no elements defined. malformed file?");
    if (elementKey.empty()) throw std::invalid_argument("`elementKey` argument is empty");
    if (!propertyKeys.size()) throw std::invalid_argument("`propertyKeys` argument is empty");

    const int64_t elementIndex = find_element(elementKey, elements);

    std::vector<std::string> keys_not_found;

    // Sanity check if the user requested element is in the pre-parsed header
    if (elementIndex >= 0)
    {
        // We found the element
        const PlyElement & element = elements[elementIndex];

        helper.data->count = element.size;

        // Find each of the keys
        for (auto key : propertyKeys)
        {
            const int64_t propertyIndex = find_property(key, element.properties);
            if (propertyIndex >= 0)
            {
                // We found the property
                const PlyProperty & property = element.properties[propertyIndex];
                helper.data->t = property.propertyType;
                helper.data->isList = property.isList;
                auto result = userData.insert(std::pair<uint32_t, ParsingHelper>(hash_fnv1a(element.name + property.name), helper));
                if (result.second == false)
                {
                    throw std::invalid_argument("element-property key has already been requested: " + hash_fnv1a(element.name + property.name));
                }
            }
            else keys_not_found.push_back(key);
        }
    }
    else throw std::invalid_argument("the element key was not found in the header: " + elementKey);

    if (keys_not_found.size())
    {
        std::stringstream ss;
        for (auto & str : keys_not_found) ss << str << ", ";
        throw std::invalid_argument("the following property keys were not found in the header: " + ss.str());
    }
    return helper.data;
}

void PlyFile::PlyFileImpl::add_properties_to_element(const std::string & elementKey, 
    const std::initializer_list<std::string> propertyKeys, 
    const Type type, const size_t count, uint8_t * data, const Type listType, const size_t listCount)
{
    ParsingHelper helper;
    helper.data = std::make_shared<PlyData>();
    helper.data->count = count;
    helper.data->t = type;
    helper.data->buffer = Buffer(data);
    helper.cursor = std::make_shared<PlyDataCursor>();

    auto create_property_on_element = [&](PlyElement & e)
    {
        for (auto key : propertyKeys)
        {
            PlyProperty newProp = (listType == Type::INVALID) ? PlyProperty(type, key) : PlyProperty(listType, type, key, listCount);
            userData.insert(std::pair<uint32_t, ParsingHelper>(hash_fnv1a(elementKey + key), helper));
            e.properties.push_back(newProp);
        }
    };

    const int64_t idx = find_element(elementKey, elements);
    if (idx >= 0)
    {
        PlyElement & e = elements[idx];
        create_property_on_element(e);
    }
    else
    {
        PlyElement newElement = (listType == Type::INVALID) ? PlyElement(elementKey, count) : PlyElement(elementKey, count);
        create_property_on_element(newElement);
        elements.push_back(newElement);
    }
}

void PlyFile::PlyFileImpl::parse_data(std::istream & is, bool firstPass)
{
    std::function<void(PropertyLookup & f, const PlyProperty & p, uint8_t * dest, size_t & destOffset, std::istream & is)> read;
    std::function<size_t(PropertyLookup & f, const PlyProperty & p, std::istream & is)> skip;

    const auto start = is.tellg();

    size_t listSize = 0;
    size_t dummyCount = 0;
    std::string skip_ascii_buffer;

    // Special case mirroring read_property_binary but for list types; this
    // has an additional big endian check to flip the data in place immediately
    // after reading. We do this as a performance optimization; endian flipping is
    // done on regular properties as a post-process after reading (also for optimization)
    // but we need the correct little-endian list count as we read the file. 
    auto read_list_binary = [this](const Type & t, void * dst, size_t & destOffset, std::istream & _is)
    {
        const size_t stride = PropertyTable[t].stride; // @todo - this is already precomputed
        destOffset += stride;
        _is.read((char*)dst, stride);

        if (isBigEndian)
        {
            switch (t)
            {
            case Type::INT16:  endian_swap<int16_t, int16_t>(*(int16_t*)dst);    break;
            case Type::UINT16: endian_swap<uint16_t, uint16_t>(*(uint16_t*)dst); break;
            case Type::INT32:  endian_swap<int32_t, int32_t>(*(int32_t*)dst);    break;
            case Type::UINT32: endian_swap<uint32_t, uint32_t>(*(uint32_t*)dst); break;
            }
        }

        return stride;
    };

    if (isBinary)
    {
        read = [this, &listSize, &dummyCount, &read_list_binary](PropertyLookup & f, const PlyProperty & p, uint8_t * dest, size_t & destOffset, std::istream & _is)
        {
            if (!p.isList)
            {
                read_property_binary(p.propertyType, f.prop_stride, dest + destOffset, destOffset, _is);
            }
            else
            {
                read_list_binary(p.listType, &listSize, dummyCount, _is); // the list size
                read_property_binary(p.propertyType, f.prop_stride * listSize, dest + destOffset, destOffset, _is); // properties in list
            }
        };
        skip = [this, &listSize, &dummyCount, &read_list_binary](PropertyLookup & f, const PlyProperty & p, std::istream & _is)
        {
            if (!p.isList)
            {
                _is.read((char*)scratch, f.prop_stride);
                return f.prop_stride;
            }
            read_list_binary(p.listType, &listSize, dummyCount, _is); // the list size (does not count for memory alloc)
            return read_property_binary(p.propertyType, f.prop_stride * listSize, scratch, dummyCount, _is);
        };
    }
    else
    {
        read = [this, &listSize, &dummyCount](PropertyLookup & f, const PlyProperty & p, uint8_t * dest, size_t & destOffset, std::istream & _is) 
        { 
            if (!p.isList)
            {
                read_property_ascii(p.propertyType, f.prop_stride, dest + destOffset, destOffset, _is); 
            }
            else
            {
                read_property_ascii(p.listType, f.list_stride, &listSize, dummyCount, _is); // the list size
                for (size_t i = 0; i < listSize; ++i) 
                {
                    read_property_ascii(p.propertyType, f.prop_stride, dest + destOffset, destOffset, _is);
                }
            }
        };
        skip = [this, &listSize, &dummyCount, &skip_ascii_buffer](PropertyLookup & f, const PlyProperty & p, std::istream & _is)
        { 
            skip_ascii_buffer.clear();
            if (p.isList)
            {
                read_property_ascii(p.listType, f.list_stride, &listSize, dummyCount, _is); // the list size
                for (size_t i = 0; i < listSize; ++i) _is >> skip_ascii_buffer; // properties in list
                return listSize * f.prop_stride;
            }
            _is >> skip_ascii_buffer;
            return f.prop_stride;
        };
    }

    auto element_property_lookup = make_property_lookup_table();

    size_t element_idx = 0;
    size_t property_index = 0;
    for (auto & element : elements)
    {
        for (size_t count = 0; count < element.size; ++count)
        {
            property_index = 0;
            for (auto & property : element.properties)
            {
                auto & f = element_property_lookup[element_idx][property_index];
                if (!f.skip)
                {
                    auto * helper = f.helper;
                    if (firstPass) helper->cursor->totalSizeBytes += skip(f, property, is);
                    else read(f, property, helper->data->buffer.get(), helper->cursor->byteOffset, is);
                }
                else skip(f, property, is);
                property_index++;
            }
        }
        element_idx++;
    }

    // Reset istream reader to the beginning
    if (firstPass) is.seekg(start, is.beg);
}

// Wrap the public interface:

PlyFile::PlyFile() { impl.reset(new PlyFileImpl()); };
PlyFile::~PlyFile() { };
bool PlyFile::parse_header(std::istream & is) { return impl->parse_header(is); }
void PlyFile::read(std::istream & is) { return impl->read(is); }
void PlyFile::write(std::ostream & os, bool isBinary) { return impl->write(os, isBinary); }
std::vector<PlyElement> PlyFile::get_elements() const { return impl->elements; }
std::vector<std::string> & PlyFile::get_comments() { return impl->comments; }
std::vector<std::string> PlyFile::get_info() const { return impl->objInfo; }
std::shared_ptr<PlyData> PlyFile::request_properties_from_element(const std::string & elementKey,
    const std::initializer_list<std::string> propertyKeys,
    const uint32_t list_size_hint)
{
    return impl->request_properties_from_element(elementKey, propertyKeys, list_size_hint);
}
void PlyFile::add_properties_to_element(const std::string & elementKey,
    const std::initializer_list<std::string> propertyKeys,
    const Type type, const size_t count, uint8_t * data, const Type listType, const size_t listCount)
{
    return impl->add_properties_to_element(elementKey, propertyKeys, type, count, data, listType, listCount);
}

#endif // end TINYPLY_IMPLEMENTATION