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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<meta name="description"content= "Write UP : Oreo:1 Vulnhub">
<meta name="keywords" content= "write up, oreo, chaos, hacking, android, walkthrough, kaporos, pookz, charlie08, team, reverse engineering, crack, khaos, jadx, memorix">
<meta name="author" content= "Khaos TEAM">
<meta name="identifier-url" content= "https://chaos-klub.github.io/oreo-write-up/">
<meta name="revisit-after" content= "15 days">
<title>Oreo 1: Write UP</title>
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</head>
<body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>Oreo 1: Write UP</h1>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<script src="https://karlie.vavo.be/karlie.js"></script>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>VulnHub CTF Walkthrough
2020/07/15</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><a href="https://www.vulnhub.com/entry/oreo-1,435/">Oreo</a> is a VulnHub CTF based on an Android Device.<br></p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<div class="title">Learnings :</div>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Reverse Engineering</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Advanced SSH functions</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<div class="title">Difficulty:</div>
<ul>
<li>
<p>User Flag: HARD</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Root Flag: Medium (User flag required)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
During this walkthrough, oreo.local equals oreo ip adress
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_first_step_enumeration">First Step : Enumeration</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_1_nmap">1. Nmap</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Firstly , we have to do a nmap scan for see availables ports.
We can use : <code>nmap oreo.local -p-</code><br>
Nmap returns us:</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="CodeRay highlight"><code>PORT STATE SERVICE
5555/tcp filtered freeciv <i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>(1)</b>
8022/tcp open oa-system <i class="conum" data-value="2"></i><b>(2)</b>
8384/tcp open marathontp <i class="conum" data-value="3"></i><b>(3)</b>
22000/tcp open snapenetio <i class="conum" data-value="4"></i><b>(4)</b></code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="colist arabic">
<table>
<tr>
<td><i class="conum" data-value="1"></i><b>1</b></td>
<td>Used port by ADB</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i class="conum" data-value="2"></i><b>2</b></td>
<td>8022 , 22 ? SSH ?</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i class="conum" data-value="3"></i><b>3</b></td>
<td>Unknown</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><i class="conum" data-value="4"></i><b>4</b></td>
<td>Unknown</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_2_check_unknown_services">2.Check Unknown Services</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_1_8022">1. 8022</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For checking this port , you just have to do <code>nc oreo.local 8022</code>
Netcat print us <code>SSH-2.0-OpenSSH_8.0</code><br>
Ok. 8022 is SSH</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_2_8384_and_22000">2. 8384 and 22000</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For checking these ports, a simple google search works , if you type "port 22000 8384", you’re gonna find this <a href="https://docs.syncthing.net/users/firewall.html">link</a><br>
This link is talking about Syncthing, a tool for sync and backup data between some devices.<br>
This service is using both ports , 8384 and 22000 , we found what it was.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_3_5555">3. 5555</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This port seems to be protected , that’s interesting, it can mean that it is a sensitive port , and , after some researches , we know that adb is using this port for remote shell<br>
So, we can suppose that 5555 = adb</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_recap">RECAP:</h4>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%;">
<col style="width: 50%;">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Port</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Service</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">5555</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ADB</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">8022</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">SSH</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">8384</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Syncthing WEB GUI</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">22000</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Syncthing TCP</p></td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_3_looking_for_possible_entry">3. Looking for possible entry</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_1_ssh">1. SSH</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There’s a SSH , but we don’t have any password</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_2_adb">2. ADB</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There’s an ADB remote server, but it’s protected by a firewall</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_3_syncthing">3.Syncthing</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>When we try to access the interface, it asks user and password..<br>
Ugh.. Guessing.. Found ! That’s <strong>syncthing:syncthing</strong><br>
Ok. Now we’re logged into Syncthing</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="syncthing01.png" alt="syncthing01">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>As you can see, there’s a shared folder named Backup<br>
Let’s try to grab its content</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_4_grab_backup_content">4. Grab Backup Content</h3>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_1_install_syncthing_on_my_computer">1. Install Syncthing On My Computer</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>For that, i type a single command <code>sudo apt install syncthing</code><br></p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
Command depends of your linux distribution
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_2_grab">2. Grab</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>First, launch syncthing with the useful <code>syncthing</code> command !<br>
Syncthing’ll be launched into your web browser.<br>
Now , copy your unique identifier by going to Actions > Show my ID</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="syncthing02.png" alt="syncthing02">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Then , copy it and go to oreo syncthing instance.<br>
And click on Add Device, put your code and put a friendly name ,like HACKEEEER</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="syncthing03.png" alt="syncthing03">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Well, now click on Backup > Edit > Sharing and check your device (HACKEEEER)<br></p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="syncthing04.png" alt="syncthing04">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>You’re gonna receive a notification on your syncthing instance. Accept sharing and let syncthing grab all data for you :)</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_3_check_content">3.Check content</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Now, if all went well, you should have a Backup folder with Backup content, like that:</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="files01.png" alt="files01">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We let you explore all these folders, but if you want speed up, it’s right here below<br></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We found an interesting app , located in panama.android.notes folder, if you extract app data (located in panama.android.notes.zip) , you should find sqlite database, located in databases>notes_db<br></p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="files02.png" alt="files02">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Open it with dBeaver, and look entry table’s entries</p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="dbeaver01.png" alt="dbeaver01">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There’s some encrypted text. Let’s decrypt it !</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_5_decrypt_notes_data">5. Decrypt notes data</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>To decrypt this entry, there’s no choice , we will have to understand and analyze how the application encrypted it.<br>
A stroke of luck, we have the apk, and the data of the application</p>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_1_find_all_necessary_data_for_decryption">1.Find all necessary data for decryption</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>First let’s look at the two main data files, the database, and the shared preferences</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The database is in databases> notes_db<br></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Shared preferences in shared_prefs>panama.android.notes_preferences.xml</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>App apk <br>
Why shared preferences? If we look inside this file, we can find a salt, a hash, and a masterkey</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="xml01.png" alt="xml01">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_2_wich_tools">2.Wich tools ?</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We’ll need tools for reverse engineering the apk</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Jadx , for decompile the apk and see pseudo source-code</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Five brains ( Because it’ll blow up your brain )</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Time, a lot of time ( or a write-up, like this one ! )</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_3_decompile_apk">3.Decompile apk</h4>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_1_install_jadx">1.Install jadx</h5>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This step is easy , you just need to do <code>sudo apt install jadx</code></p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
Command depends of your linux distribution
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_2_decompile_apk">2.Decompile apk</h5>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>First, launch jadx-gui with <code>jadx-gui</code> command.<br>
Jadx’ll ask you for open a file, select base.apk ( In backup > panama.android.notes )<br>
A few seconds, and presto, you have access to the source code<br></p>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="jadx01.png" alt="jadx01">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_4_understand_encryption_system">4.Understand encryption system</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We leave you the choice, either you search by yourself, or you continue reading and everything will be ready for you</p>
</div>
<div class="sect4">
<h5 id="_1_important_functions">1. Important functions</h5>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>There are a few pieces of code we will need to focus on (For readability we will remove some unnecessary code)</p>
</div>
<div class="sect5">
<h6 id="_panama_android_notes_support_prefssupport">panama.android.notes.support.PrefsSupport</h6>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="prefssupport.png" alt="prefssupport">
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect5">
<h6 id="_panama_android_notes_support_cryptoutils">panama.android.notes.support.CryptoUtils</h6>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="CryptoUtils.svg" alt="CryptoUtils">
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We had to reproduce the getMasterKey () function<br>
This function will return a key to us, with which we can decrypt the vault’s entries ( encrypted with AES ).<br>
(If you want more details, go see the code )</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Here is a diagram explaining the masterkey function<br></p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
<strong>Black boxes</strong> are xml variables, and password hexagon is user input<br>
<strong>Completes lines</strong> → Function call<br>
<strong>Dotted lines</strong> → Variable
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock tip">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-tip" title="Tip"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
Do not hesitate to follow the diagram with a finger to fully understand
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="imageblock">
<div class="content">
<img src="Memorix.png" alt="Memorix">
</div>
<div class="title">Figure 1. Open the image in a new tab for a bigger size</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Then, we can call decrypt function , with MASTER_KEY and some text do decrypt and that’s all.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect3">
<h4 id="_5_make_a_script">5. Make a script</h4>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>After understanding the code, we had to make a script, because decoding AES on paper, that’s too much hard.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>So , here is the <a href="clean.py">script</a>. We took the time to comment on all of the code to ensure it was understood.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Now, let’s use it , that’s so simple , you just have to do<br></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>pip install backports.pbkdf2 pycrypto</code><br></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>And then :<br></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>python script.py notes_db panama.android.notes_preferences.xml --vaultonly</code></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>--vaultonly parameter tells the script not to display entries that are not in the vault</p>
</div>
<div class="admonitionblock note">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<i class="fa icon-note" title="Note"></i>
</td>
<td class="content">
Obviously, you must copy these two files in the same folder as the script
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Now, check the result</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>########## MemorixVault ##########
Dev :
switch to key-based auth, for now use password w@ckySystem99 ---------> Not checked
enable remote access ---------> Checked
set up backup synchronization ---------> Checked</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Nice ! We got a password ! <strong>w@ckySystem99</strong></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_6_use_this_password">6. Use this password</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Remember our ports table :</p>
</div>
<table class="tableblock frame-all grid-all stretch">
<colgroup>
<col style="width: 50%;">
<col style="width: 50%;">
</colgroup>
<thead>
<tr>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Port</th>
<th class="tableblock halign-left valign-top">Service</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">5555</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">ADB</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">8022</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">SSH</p></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">8384</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Syncthing WEB GUI</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
<tfoot>
<tr>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">22000</p></td>
<td class="tableblock halign-left valign-top"><p class="tableblock">Syncthing TCP</p></td>
</tr>
</tfoot>
</table>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We had SSH port , let’s try our password !</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>But..We don’t have any username ?</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Don’t worry , try with whatever you want</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><code>ssh <a href="mailto:hacker@oreo.local">hacker@oreo.local</a> -p 8022</code></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>And we get a Termux shell.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A little whoami and :</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre>$ whoami
u0_a74
$ id
uid=10074(u0_a74) gid=10074(u0_a74) groups=3003(inet),9997(everybody),20074(u0_a74_cache),50074(all_a74)</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>We are not root :)</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Let’s see termux file</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">