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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>8 常用案例 | 庄闪闪的可视化手册</title>
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<meta name="twitter:title" content="8 常用案例 | 庄闪闪的可视化手册" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="这是用R的bookdown功能制作中文图书的模板，输出格式为bookdown::gitbook和bookdown::pdf_book." />
<meta name="author" content="庄闪闪" />
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<ul class="summary">
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="index.html"><a href="index.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>简介</a></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>I R 语言基础</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="1" data-path="base-tutorial.html"><a href="base-tutorial.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>1</b> Base 系列</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="2" data-path="tidyverse-tutorial.html"><a href="tidyverse-tutorial.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>2</b> Tidyverse 系列</a></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>II R 语言可视化</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3" data-path="causal.html"><a href="causal.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3</b> 使用基础包绘图</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1" data-path="causal.html"><a href="causal.html#绘制基本图形"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1</b> 绘制基本图形</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1.1" data-path="causal.html"><a href="causal.html#绘制分布关系"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1.1</b> 绘制分布关系</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1.2" data-path="causal.html"><a href="causal.html#绘制数据间关系"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1.2</b> 绘制数据间关系</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.1.3" data-path="causal.html"><a href="causal.html#绘制其他图形"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.1.3</b> 绘制其他图形</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2" data-path="causal.html"><a href="causal.html#修改图形参数"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2</b> 修改图形参数</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.1" data-path="causal.html"><a href="causal.html#修改颜色"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.1</b> 修改颜色</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.2.2" data-path="causal.html"><a href="causal.html#修改点符号与线条"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.2.2</b> 修改点符号与线条</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3" data-path="causal.html"><a href="causal.html#绘制组合图形"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3</b> 绘制组合图形</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.1" data-path="causal.html"><a href="causal.html#par"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.1</b> par()</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.3.2" data-path="causal.html"><a href="causal.html#layout"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.3.2</b> layout</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4" data-path="causal.html"><a href="causal.html#保存图形"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4</b> 保存图形</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.1" data-path="causal.html"><a href="causal.html#使用代码"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.1</b> 使用代码</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="3.4.2" data-path="causal.html"><a href="causal.html#在-rstudio-窗口点击按钮保存"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>3.4.2</b> 在 Rstudio 窗口点击按钮保存</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4</b> 使用 ggplot2 包绘图</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.1" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#简介-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.1</b> 简介</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.2" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#qplot"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.2</b> qplot</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#ggplot2包图形语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3</b> ggplot2包图形语法</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.1" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#对比不同画图语法"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.1</b> 对比不同画图语法</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.2" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#思想介绍"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.2</b> 思想介绍</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.3.3" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#全局变量-vs.-局部变量"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.3.3</b> 全局变量 vs. 局部变量</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#几何对象"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4</b> 几何对象</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.4.1" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#参考书籍"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.4.1</b> 参考书籍</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.5" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#统计变换"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.5</b> 统计变换</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.6" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#刻度scale"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.6</b> 刻度scale</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.6.1" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#丰富的刻度体系"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.6.1</b> 丰富的刻度体系</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.7" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#坐标系"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.7</b> 坐标系</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.8" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#分面"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.8</b> 分面</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.9" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#标题标注指南拼接"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.9</b> 标题、标注、指南、拼接</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.9.1" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#标题"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.9.1</b> 标题</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.9.2" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#标注功能"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.9.2</b> 标注功能</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.9.3" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#指南"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.9.3</b> 指南</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.9.4" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#主题"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.9.4</b> 主题</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.10" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#保存图片"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.10</b> 保存图片</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.11" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#例子"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.11</b> 例子</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.11.1" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#柱状图误差项"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.11.1</b> 柱状图+误差项</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.11.2" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#有正值和负值的柱形图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.11.2</b> 有正值和负值的柱形图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="4.11.3" data-path="ggplot2-plot.html"><a href="ggplot2-plot.html#合并两图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>4.11.3</b> 合并两图</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5</b> 常用图形</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.1" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html#散点图-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.1</b> 散点图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.2" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html#气泡图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.2</b> 气泡图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.3" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html#线性图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.3</b> 线性图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.4" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html#相关系数图热力图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.4</b> 相关系数图/热力图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.5" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html#条形图-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.5</b> 条形图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.6" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html#箱线图-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.6</b> 箱线图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.7" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html#小提琴图-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.7</b> 小提琴图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.8" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html#饼图-1"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.8</b> 饼图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.9" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html#冲积图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.9</b> 冲积图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.10" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html#系谱图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.10</b> 系谱图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.11" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html#哑铃图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.11</b> 哑铃图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.12" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html#斜率图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.12</b> 斜率图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.13" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html#堆叠面积图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.13</b> 堆叠面积图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.14" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html#棒棒糖图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.14</b> 棒棒糖图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.15" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html#树状图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.15</b> 树状图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.16" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html#瀑布图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.16</b> 瀑布图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.17" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html#双标图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.17</b> 双标图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="5.18" data-path="main-diagram-types.html"><a href="main-diagram-types.html#雷达图星图蜘蛛图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>5.18</b> 雷达图/星图/蜘蛛图</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6" data-path="other-packages.html"><a href="other-packages.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6</b> 其他相关拓展包</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.1" data-path="other-packages.html"><a href="other-packages.html#ggplot2-官网-109-种拓展包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.1</b> ggplot2 官网 109 种拓展包</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="6.2" data-path="other-packages.html"><a href="other-packages.html#整理的相关扩展包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>6.2</b> 整理的相关扩展包</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7" data-path="interactive-ploting.html"><a href="interactive-ploting.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7</b> 认识交互式绘图工具</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.1" data-path="interactive-ploting.html"><a href="interactive-ploting.html#leaflet包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.1</b> leaflet包</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.2" data-path="interactive-ploting.html"><a href="interactive-ploting.html#dygraphs包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.2</b> dygraphs包</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.3" data-path="interactive-ploting.html"><a href="interactive-ploting.html#plotly包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.3</b> plotly包</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.4" data-path="interactive-ploting.html"><a href="interactive-ploting.html#dt包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.4</b> DT包</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.5" data-path="interactive-ploting.html"><a href="interactive-ploting.html#networkd3包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.5</b> networkD3包</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="7.6" data-path="interactive-ploting.html"><a href="interactive-ploting.html#利用shiny包实现可交互的web应用"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>7.6</b> 利用Shiny包实现可交互的Web应用</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8" data-path="some-tips-alls.html"><a href="some-tips-alls.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8</b> 常用案例</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1" data-path="some-tips-alls.html"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#绘制不同分布的-qq-图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1</b> 绘制不同分布的 QQ 图</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.1" data-path="some-tips-alls.html"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#简单版本"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.1</b> 简单版本</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.1.2" data-path="some-tips-alls.html"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#进阶版本"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.1.2</b> 进阶版本</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2" data-path="some-tips-alls.html"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#绘制混合密度函数图以及添加分位数线"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2</b> 绘制混合密度函数图以及添加分位数线</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.1" data-path="some-tips-alls.html"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#加载包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.1</b> 加载包</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.2" data-path="some-tips-alls.html"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#产生数据集"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.2</b> 产生数据集</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.3" data-path="some-tips-alls.html"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#绘制密度函数图并添加分位数线"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.3</b> 绘制密度函数图并添加分位数线</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.2.4" data-path="some-tips-alls.html"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#合并两图使用cowplot包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.2.4</b> 合并两图（使用cowplot包）</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3" data-path="some-tips-alls.html"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#绘制不同参数的密度函数"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3</b> 绘制不同参数的密度函数</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.3.1" data-path="some-tips-alls.html"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#beta-密度函数"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.3.1</b> Beta 密度函数</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.4" data-path="some-tips-alls.html"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#散点图中加入第三变量的密度函数"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.4</b> 散点图中加入第三变量的密度函数</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.5" data-path="some-tips-alls.html"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#绘制-gamma-分布相关图形"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.5</b> 绘制 Gamma 分布相关图形</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.6" data-path="some-tips-alls.html"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#纯手动复现密度图"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.6</b> 纯手动复现密度图</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7" data-path="some-tips-alls.html"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#绘制贝叶斯分析相关图形"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7</b> 绘制贝叶斯分析相关图形</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.1" data-path="some-tips-alls.html"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#模型建模"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.1</b> 模型建模</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.2" data-path="some-tips-alls.html"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#后验预测检查"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.2</b> 后验预测检查</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="8.7.3" data-path="some-tips-alls.html"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#诊断"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>8.7.3</b> 诊断</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="part"><span><b>III R 语言文档沟通</b></span></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9</b> R Markdown 入门教程</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#rmarkdown-简介"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1</b> Rmarkdown 简介</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.1.1" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#官网视频介绍"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.1.1</b> 官网视频介绍</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#rmarkdown-流程演示"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2</b> Rmarkdown 流程演示</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.1" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#安装"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.1</b> 安装</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.2" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#rstudio界面介绍"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.2</b> Rstudio界面介绍</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.3" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#代码输出"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.3</b> 代码输出</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.4" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#图片输出"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.4</b> 图片输出</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.5" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#表格输出"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.5</b> 表格输出</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.2.6" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#表格渲染"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.2.6</b> 表格渲染</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#rmarkdown-的主题格式"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3</b> Rmarkdown 的主题格式</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.1" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#rmdformats-包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.1</b> rmdformats 包</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.2" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#tufte-包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.2</b> tufte 包</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.3.3" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#cerulean-包"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.3.3</b> cerulean 包</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#总结一些常用技巧"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4</b> 总结一些常用技巧</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.1" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#修改某些字体颜色"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.1</b> 修改某些字体颜色</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.2" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#更改全文页边距等"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.2</b> 更改全文页边距等</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.3" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#缩进文本"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.3</b> 缩进文本</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.4" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#分页"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.4</b> 分页</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.5" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#控制文本输出的宽度"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.5</b> 控制文本输出的宽度</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.6" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#控制图片输出大小"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.6</b> 控制图片输出大小</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.7" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#图片对齐"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.7</b> 图片对齐</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="9.4.8" data-path="rmarkdown-base.html"><a href="rmarkdown-base.html#多列输出"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>9.4.8</b> 多列输出</a></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10" data-path="rmarkdown-extended.html"><a href="rmarkdown-extended.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10</b> 其他方式的文档沟通</a>
<ul>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.1" data-path="rmarkdown-extended.html"><a href="rmarkdown-extended.html#typora"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.1</b> Typora</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.2" data-path="rmarkdown-extended.html"><a href="rmarkdown-extended.html#xaringan-幻灯片"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.2</b> xaringan 幻灯片</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.3" data-path="rmarkdown-extended.html"><a href="rmarkdown-extended.html#制作幻灯片"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.3</b> 制作幻灯片</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.4" data-path="rmarkdown-extended.html"><a href="rmarkdown-extended.html#rbeamer"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.4</b> Rbeamer</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.5" data-path="rmarkdown-extended.html"><a href="rmarkdown-extended.html#dashboards"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.5</b> Dashboards</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.6" data-path="rmarkdown-extended.html"><a href="rmarkdown-extended.html#shiny"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.6</b> shiny</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.7" data-path="rmarkdown-extended.html"><a href="rmarkdown-extended.html#blogdown"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.7</b> blogdown</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.8" data-path="rmarkdown-extended.html"><a href="rmarkdown-extended.html#制作简历"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.8</b> 制作简历</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.9" data-path="rmarkdown-extended.html"><a href="rmarkdown-extended.html#bookdown"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.9</b> bookdown</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="10.10" data-path="rmarkdown-extended.html"><a href="rmarkdown-extended.html#小编有话说"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>10.10</b> 小编有话说</a></li>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="11" data-path="appendix.html"><a href="appendix.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>11</b> 附录</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="appendix.html"><a href="appendix.html#安装r和rstudio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>安装R和Rstudio</a>
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<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="appendix.html"><a href="appendix.html#安装-r"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>安装 R</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="appendix.html"><a href="appendix.html#安装rstudio"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>安装RStudio</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="appendix.html"><a href="appendix.html#可能的问题"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>可能的问题</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="appendix.html"><a href="appendix.html#如何获取帮助"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>如何获取帮助</a></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="" data-path="appendix.html"><a href="appendix.html#r-语言社区"><i class="fa fa-check"></i>R 语言社区</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="chapter" data-level="12" data-path="reference.html"><a href="reference.html"><i class="fa fa-check"></i><b>12</b> 参考书籍</a></li>
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<i class="fa fa-circle-o-notch fa-spin"></i><a href="./">庄闪闪的可视化手册</a>
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<div id="some-tips-alls" class="section level1 hasAnchor" number="8">
<h1><span class="header-section-number">8</span> 常用案例<a href="some-tips-alls.html#some-tips-alls" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h1>
<div id="绘制不同分布的-qq-图" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="8.1">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">8.1</span> 绘制不同分布的 QQ 图<a href="some-tips-alls.html#绘制不同分布的-qq-图" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>这里主要是用 qqplotr 包进行绘制，参考的博客：<a href="https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/qqplotr/vignettes/introduction.html">An Introduction to qqplotr</a>。</p>
<div id="简单版本" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.1.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.1.1</span> 简单版本<a href="some-tips-alls.html#简单版本" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<div id="绘制正态分布的-qq-图" class="section level4 hasAnchor" number="8.1.1.1">
<h4><span class="header-section-number">8.1.1.1</span> 绘制正态分布的 QQ 图<a href="some-tips-alls.html#绘制正态分布的-qq-图" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h4>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb163"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb163-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb163-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(qqplotr)</span>
<span id="cb163-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb163-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(ggplot2)</span>
<span id="cb163-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb163-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 随机产生数据</span></span>
<span id="cb163-4"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb163-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">set.seed</span>(<span class="dv">0</span>)</span>
<span id="cb163-5"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb163-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>smp <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">data.frame</span>(<span class="at">norm =</span> <span class="fu">rnorm</span>(<span class="dv">100</span>))</span>
<span id="cb163-6"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb163-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 绘制</span></span>
<span id="cb163-7"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb163-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>gg <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(<span class="at">data =</span> smp, <span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">sample =</span> norm)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb163-8"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb163-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">stat_qq_band</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb163-9"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb163-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">stat_qq_line</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb163-10"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb163-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">stat_qq_point</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb163-11"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb163-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">labs</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> <span class="st">"Theoretical Quantiles"</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="st">"Sample Quantiles"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb163-12"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb163-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>gg</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-1-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
<p>使用三种不同的置信带构造置信区间，其可以用参数 <code>bandType</code> 调整。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb164"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb164-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb164-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(viridis)</span>
<span id="cb164-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb164-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>gg <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(<span class="at">data =</span> smp, <span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">sample =</span> norm)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb164-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb164-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_qq_band</span>(<span class="at">bandType =</span> <span class="st">"ks"</span>, <span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">fill =</span> <span class="st">"KS"</span>), <span class="at">alpha =</span> <span class="fl">0.9</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb164-4"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb164-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_qq_band</span>(<span class="at">bandType =</span> <span class="st">"ts"</span>, <span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">fill =</span> <span class="st">"TS"</span>), <span class="at">alpha =</span> <span class="fl">0.9</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb164-5"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb164-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_qq_band</span>(<span class="at">bandType =</span> <span class="st">"pointwise"</span>, <span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">fill =</span> <span class="st">"Normal"</span>), <span class="at">alpha =</span> <span class="fl">0.9</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb164-6"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb164-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_qq_band</span>(<span class="at">bandType =</span> <span class="st">"boot"</span>, <span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">fill =</span> <span class="st">"Bootstrap"</span>), <span class="at">alpha =</span> <span class="fl">0.9</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb164-7"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb164-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">stat_qq_line</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb164-8"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb164-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">stat_qq_point</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb164-9"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb164-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">labs</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> <span class="st">"Theoretical Quantiles"</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="st">"Sample Quantiles"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb164-10"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb164-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">scale_fill_viridis</span>(<span class="at">discrete =</span> T,<span class="at">direction =</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="dv">1</span>)</span>
<span id="cb164-11"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb164-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb164-12"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb164-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>gg</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-2-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="进阶版本" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.1.2">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.1.2</span> 进阶版本<a href="some-tips-alls.html#进阶版本" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>读者绘制正态分布的 QQ 图，还是比较简单。但是如果是其他分布的情况呢？</p>
<blockquote>
<p>这里以一个可靠性数据为例子，该数据来源于文献：Badar, M. G., Priest, A. M. (1982). Statistical aspects of fiber and bundle strength in hybrid composites. In: Hayashi, T., Kawata, K., Umekawa, S., eds. Progress in Science and Engineering Composites. Tokyo: ICCM-IV, pp. 1129–1136。</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb165"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb165-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb165-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>data <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">data.frame</span>(<span class="st">'y'</span> <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="fl">1.339</span>, <span class="fl">1.434</span>, <span class="fl">1.549</span>, <span class="fl">1.574</span> ,<span class="fl">1.589</span>, <span class="fl">1.613</span>, <span class="fl">1.746</span> ,<span class="fl">1.753</span>, <span class="fl">1.764</span> ,<span class="fl">1.807</span>, <span class="fl">1.812</span>, <span class="fl">1.84</span>, <span class="fl">1.852</span>, <span class="fl">1.852</span>, <span class="fl">1.862</span>, <span class="fl">1.864</span>, <span class="fl">1.931</span>, <span class="fl">1.952</span>, <span class="fl">1.974</span>, <span class="fl">2.019</span>, <span class="fl">2.051</span>, <span class="fl">2.055</span>, <span class="fl">2.058</span> ,<span class="fl">2.088</span>, <span class="fl">2.125</span>, <span class="fl">2.162</span>, <span class="fl">2.171</span>, <span class="fl">2.172</span> ,<span class="fl">2.18</span> ,<span class="fl">2.194</span> ,<span class="fl">2.211</span> ,<span class="fl">2.27</span>, <span class="fl">2.272</span>, <span class="fl">2.28</span>, <span class="fl">2.299</span>, <span class="fl">2.308</span>, <span class="fl">2.335</span> ,<span class="fl">2.349</span> ,<span class="fl">2.356</span> ,<span class="fl">2.386</span>, <span class="fl">2.39</span>, <span class="fl">2.41</span>, <span class="fl">2.43</span>, <span class="fl">2.431</span>, <span class="fl">2.458</span>, <span class="fl">2.471</span>, <span class="fl">2.497</span>, <span class="fl">2.514</span> ,<span class="fl">2.558</span>, <span class="fl">2.577</span>, <span class="fl">2.593</span>, <span class="fl">2.601</span>, <span class="fl">2.604</span>, <span class="fl">2.62</span> ,<span class="fl">2.633</span>, <span class="fl">2.67</span>, <span class="fl">2.682</span>, <span class="fl">2.699</span>, <span class="fl">2.705</span>, <span class="fl">2.735</span>, <span class="fl">2.785</span>, <span class="fl">2.785</span>,<span class="fl">3.02</span>, <span class="fl">3.042</span>, <span class="fl">3.116</span>, <span class="fl">3.174</span>))</span></code></pre></div>
<div id="绘制指数分布的-qq-图" class="section level4 hasAnchor" number="8.1.2.1">
<h4><span class="header-section-number">8.1.2.1</span> 绘制指数分布的 QQ 图<a href="some-tips-alls.html#绘制指数分布的-qq-图" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h4>
<p>这里我们绘制其指数分布的 QQ 图。根据指数函数参数拟合该数据之后，得到<code>rate =2.2867</code>，并将其保存到 list 中。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>具体如何拟合，读者自行搜索 R 包中的相关函数。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>其他代码基本不变，主要是将 <code>stat_qq_line()</code> 和 <code>stat_qq_point()</code> 中的分布设定下，参数设定下。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb166"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb166-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb166-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># exponential distribution</span></span>
<span id="cb166-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb166-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>dp <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">list</span>(<span class="at">rate =</span> <span class="fl">2.2867</span>)</span>
<span id="cb166-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb166-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>di <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"exp"</span></span>
<span id="cb166-4"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb166-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p1 <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(<span class="at">data =</span> data, <span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">sample =</span> y)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb166-5"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb166-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">stat_qq_band</span>(<span class="at">distribution =</span> di, <span class="at">dparams =</span> dp) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb166-6"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb166-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">stat_qq_line</span>(<span class="at">distribution =</span> di, <span class="at">dparams =</span> dp) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb166-7"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb166-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">stat_qq_point</span>(<span class="at">distribution =</span> di, <span class="at">dparams =</span> dp) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb166-8"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb166-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">labs</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> <span class="st">"Theoretical Quantiles"</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="st">"Sample Quantiles"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb166-9"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb166-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_bw</span>() <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb166-10"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb166-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme</span>(<span class="at">panel.grid =</span> <span class="fu">element_blank</span>())</span>
<span id="cb166-11"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb166-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p1</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div id="绘制威布尔分布的-qq-图" class="section level4 hasAnchor" number="8.1.2.2">
<h4><span class="header-section-number">8.1.2.2</span> 绘制威布尔分布的 QQ 图<a href="some-tips-alls.html#绘制威布尔分布的-qq-图" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h4>
<p>同理，将该数据应用到威布尔分布中。结果如下：</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb167"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb167-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb167-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># weibull distribution</span></span>
<span id="cb167-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb167-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>di <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="st">"weibull"</span> <span class="co"># exponential distribution</span></span>
<span id="cb167-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb167-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>dp <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">list</span>(<span class="at">shape=</span><span class="fl">5.4766</span>,<span class="at">scale=</span><span class="fl">2.4113</span>)</span>
<span id="cb167-4"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb167-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p2 <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(<span class="at">data =</span> data, <span class="at">mapping =</span> <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">sample =</span> y)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb167-5"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb167-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">stat_qq_band</span>(<span class="at">distribution =</span> di, <span class="at">dparams =</span> dp) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb167-6"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb167-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">stat_qq_line</span>(<span class="at">distribution =</span> di, <span class="at">dparams =</span> dp) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb167-7"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb167-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">stat_qq_point</span>(<span class="at">distribution =</span> di, <span class="at">dparams =</span> dp) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb167-8"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb167-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">labs</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> <span class="st">"Theoretical Quantiles"</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="st">"Sample Quantiles"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb167-9"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb167-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_bw</span>() <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb167-10"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb167-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme</span>(<span class="at">panel.grid =</span> <span class="fu">element_blank</span>())</span>
<span id="cb167-11"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb167-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p2</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-5-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
<p>可以看到该数据集，更适合使用 weibull分布进行拟合。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb168"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb168-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb168-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(cowplot)</span>
<span id="cb168-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb168-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">plot_grid</span>(p1, p2, <span class="at">ncol =</span> <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="at">nrow =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-6-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="绘制混合密度函数图以及添加分位数线" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="8.2">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">8.2</span> 绘制混合密度函数图以及添加分位数线<a href="some-tips-alls.html#绘制混合密度函数图以及添加分位数线" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>主要使用 <code>ggridges</code> 包中的 <code>stat_density_ridges()</code>。参考的博客：<a href="https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggridges/vignettes/introduction.html" class="uri">https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggridges/vignettes/introduction.html</a></p>
<div id="加载包" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.2.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.2.1</span> 加载包<a href="some-tips-alls.html#加载包" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb169"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb169-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb169-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(ggplot2)</span>
<span id="cb169-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb169-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(ggridges)</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="产生数据集" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.2.2">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.2.2</span> 产生数据集<a href="some-tips-alls.html#产生数据集" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>假设数据来源于一个混合分布。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb170"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb170-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb170-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>item <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">10000</span></span>
<span id="cb170-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb170-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>inds <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">rbinom</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, item, <span class="fl">0.5</span>)</span>
<span id="cb170-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb170-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="fu">rnorm</span>(inds, <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>), <span class="fu">rnorm</span>(item <span class="sc">-</span> inds, <span class="dv">8</span>, <span class="dv">1</span>))</span>
<span id="cb170-4"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb170-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>data <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">data.frame</span>(<span class="st">"value"</span> <span class="ot">=</span> x, <span class="st">"class"</span> <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">rep</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="fu">length</span>(x)))</span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<div id="绘制密度函数图并添加分位数线" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.2.3">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.2.3</span> 绘制密度函数图并添加分位数线<a href="some-tips-alls.html#绘制密度函数图并添加分位数线" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb171"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb171-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb171-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 绘图</span></span>
<span id="cb171-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb171-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p1 <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(data, <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> value, <span class="at">y =</span> class, <span class="at">fill =</span> <span class="fu">factor</span>(<span class="fu">stat</span>(quantile)))) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb171-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb171-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">stat_density_ridges</span>(</span>
<span id="cb171-4"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb171-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">geom =</span> <span class="st">"density_ridges_gradient"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb171-5"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb171-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">calc_ecdf =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span id="cb171-6"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb171-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">quantiles =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="fl">0.025</span>, <span class="fl">0.975</span>)</span>
<span id="cb171-7"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb171-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb171-8"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb171-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">scale_fill_manual</span>(</span>
<span id="cb171-9"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb171-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">name =</span> <span class="st">"Probability"</span>, <span class="at">values =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"#E2EAF6"</span>, <span class="st">"#436FB0"</span>, <span class="st">"#E2EAF6"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb171-10"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb171-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb171-11"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb171-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_bw</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb171-12"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb171-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme</span>(<span class="at">legend.position =</span> <span class="st">"none"</span>, <span class="at">panel.grid =</span> <span class="fu">element_blank</span>()) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb171-13"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb171-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">labs</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> <span class="st">"x"</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="st">"Density"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb171-14"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb171-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p1</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-9-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb172"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb172-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb172-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p2 <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(data, <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> value, <span class="at">y =</span> class, <span class="at">fill =</span> <span class="fu">factor</span>(<span class="fu">stat</span>(quantile)))) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb172-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb172-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">stat_density_ridges</span>(</span>
<span id="cb172-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb172-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">geom =</span> <span class="st">"density_ridges_gradient"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb172-4"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb172-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">calc_ecdf =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>,</span>
<span id="cb172-5"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb172-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">quantiles =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="fl">0.005</span>, <span class="fl">0.495</span>, <span class="fl">0.51</span>, <span class="fl">0.99</span>)</span>
<span id="cb172-6"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb172-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb172-7"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb172-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">scale_fill_manual</span>(</span>
<span id="cb172-8"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb172-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">name =</span> <span class="st">"Probability"</span>, <span class="at">values =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"#E2EAF6"</span>, <span class="st">"#436FB0"</span>, <span class="st">"#E2EAF6"</span>, <span class="st">"#436FB0"</span>, <span class="st">"#E2EAF6"</span>),</span>
<span id="cb172-9"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb172-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb172-10"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb172-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_bw</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb172-11"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb172-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme</span>(<span class="at">legend.position =</span> <span class="st">"none"</span>, <span class="at">panel.grid =</span> <span class="fu">element_blank</span>()) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb172-12"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb172-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">labs</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> <span class="st">"x"</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="st">"Density"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb172-13"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb172-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb172-14"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb172-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p2</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-10-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div id="合并两图使用cowplot包" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.2.4">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.2.4</span> 合并两图（使用cowplot包）<a href="some-tips-alls.html#合并两图使用cowplot包" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb173"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb173-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb173-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(cowplot)</span>
<span id="cb173-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb173-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># pdf("plot_cow.pdf", width = 8, height = 4)</span></span>
<span id="cb173-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb173-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">plot_grid</span>(p1, p2, <span class="at">ncol =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="at">nrow =</span> <span class="dv">2</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-11-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb174"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb174-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb174-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># dev.off()</span></span></code></pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="绘制不同参数的密度函数" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="8.3">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">8.3</span> 绘制不同参数的密度函数<a href="some-tips-alls.html#绘制不同参数的密度函数" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<div id="beta-密度函数" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.3.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.3.1</span> Beta 密度函数<a href="some-tips-alls.html#beta-密度函数" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>绘制不同参数下的 Beta 密度函数。具体该分布的介绍可见：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_distribution" class="uri">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_distribution</a></p>
<p>Beta函数如下： <span class="math display">\[
B(a,b) = \int_{0}^{1} x^{a-1} {(1-x)}^{b-1} dx,\quad a,b>0
\]</span></p>
<p>Beta 分布：</p>
<p>随机变量 X 的密度函数为：</p>
<p><span class="math display">\[p(x) = \frac{1}{\mathrm{~B}(\alpha, \beta)} x^{\alpha-1}(1-x)^{\beta-1}\]</span></p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>存在问题</strong>：还未把各个密度函数的参数加入。</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb175"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb175-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb175-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="do">## Beta Distribution</span></span>
<span id="cb175-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb175-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(ggplot2)</span>
<span id="cb175-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb175-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(reshape2)</span>
<span id="cb175-4"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb175-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(ggsci)</span>
<span id="cb175-5"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb175-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>item <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">1000</span></span>
<span id="cb175-6"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb175-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>x <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">seq</span>(<span class="dv">0</span>,<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="at">length =</span> item)</span>
<span id="cb175-7"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb175-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>beta_dist <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">data.frame</span>(<span class="fu">cbind</span>(x,<span class="fu">dbeta</span>(x,<span class="fl">0.5</span>,<span class="fl">0.5</span>), <span class="fu">dbeta</span>(x,<span class="dv">2</span>,<span class="dv">2</span>), <span class="fu">dbeta</span>(x,<span class="fl">0.5</span>,<span class="dv">2</span>),<span class="fu">dbeta</span>(x,<span class="dv">2</span>,<span class="fl">0.5</span>),<span class="fu">dbeta</span>(x,<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">5</span>),<span class="fu">dbeta</span>(x,<span class="dv">5</span>,<span class="dv">1</span>),<span class="fu">dbeta</span>(x,<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span>)))</span>
<span id="cb175-8"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb175-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">colnames</span>(beta_dist) <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"x"</span>,<span class="st">"a=0.5,b=0.5"</span>,<span class="st">"a=2,b=2"</span>,<span class="st">"a=0.5,b=2"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb175-9"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb175-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">"a=2,b=0.5"</span>,<span class="st">"a=1,b=5"</span>,<span class="st">"a=5,b=1"</span>,<span class="st">"a=1,b=1"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb175-10"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb175-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>beta_dist <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">melt</span>(beta_dist,x)</span>
<span id="cb175-11"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb175-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>beta_dist<span class="sc">$</span><span class="st">"class"</span> <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="fu">rep</span>(<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">3</span>,<span class="at">each =</span> <span class="dv">2</span><span class="sc">*</span>item),<span class="fu">rep</span>(<span class="dv">4</span>,item))</span>
<span id="cb175-12"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb175-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>g <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(beta_dist, <span class="fu">aes</span>(x,value, <span class="at">color=</span>variable))</span>
<span id="cb175-13"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb175-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>g <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">geom_line</span>() <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb175-14"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb175-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">facet_wrap</span>(<span class="fu">vars</span>(class),<span class="at">scales =</span> <span class="st">"free_y"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb175-15"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb175-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">labs</span>(<span class="at">title=</span><span class="st">"Beta Distribution"</span>, <span class="at">x=</span><span class="st">"x"</span>, <span class="at">y=</span><span class="st">"Probability"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb175-16"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb175-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">scale_color_aaas</span>() <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb175-17"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb175-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_bw</span>() <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">theme</span>(<span class="at">panel.grid =</span> <span class="fu">element_blank</span>(),<span class="at">legend.position =</span> <span class="st">'none'</span>) </span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-12-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="散点图中加入第三变量的密度函数" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="8.4">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">8.4</span> 散点图中加入第三变量的密度函数<a href="some-tips-alls.html#散点图中加入第三变量的密度函数" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb176"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb176-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="do">### Accept-reject algorithm</span></span>
<span id="cb176-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="do">### beta(2.7,6.3)</span></span>
<span id="cb176-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(ggplot2)</span>
<span id="cb176-4"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>num <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="dv">1000</span></span>
<span id="cb176-5"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>ys <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">runif</span>(num)</span>
<span id="cb176-6"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>us <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">runif</span>(num, <span class="dv">0</span>, <span class="fl">2.67</span>)</span>
<span id="cb176-7"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>xs <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">dbeta</span>(ys, <span class="fl">2.7</span>, <span class="fl">6.3</span>)</span>
<span id="cb176-8"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>data <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">data.frame</span>(<span class="st">"x_rand"</span> <span class="ot">=</span> ys, <span class="st">"Density"</span> <span class="ot">=</span> us, <span class="st">"true_x"</span> <span class="ot">=</span> xs)</span>
<span id="cb176-9"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ggplot</span>(data) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb176-10"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_point</span>(<span class="fu">aes</span>(x_rand, Density), <span class="at">col =</span> <span class="st">"#95E1D3"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb176-11"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_area</span>(<span class="fu">aes</span>(x_rand, xs),</span>
<span id="cb176-12"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">fill =</span> <span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="at">alpha =</span> <span class="fl">0.5</span>,</span>
<span id="cb176-13"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">color =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="co"># Line color</span></span>
<span id="cb176-14"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">lwd =</span> <span class="fl">0.5</span>, <span class="co"># Line width</span></span>
<span id="cb176-15"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">linetype =</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span>
<span id="cb176-16"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb176-17"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="st">"text"</span>, <span class="at">x =</span> <span class="fl">0.3</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="fl">0.5</span>, <span class="at">label =</span> <span class="st">"sum(xs>us)"</span>, <span class="at">size =</span> <span class="dv">5</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb176-18"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">labs</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> <span class="st">"x"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb176-19"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_bw</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb176-20"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb176-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme</span>(<span class="at">panel.grid =</span> <span class="fu">element_blank</span>())</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-13-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div id="绘制-gamma-分布相关图形" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="8.5">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">8.5</span> 绘制 Gamma 分布相关图形<a href="some-tips-alls.html#绘制-gamma-分布相关图形" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<ul>
<li>自定义主题</li>
</ul>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb177"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb177-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb177-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(ggridges)</span>
<span id="cb177-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb177-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 自定义主题</span></span>
<span id="cb177-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb177-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>theme_manual <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="cf">function</span>(){ </span>
<span id="cb177-4"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb177-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme</span>(<span class="at">panel.grid =</span> <span class="fu">element_blank</span>(),</span>
<span id="cb177-5"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb177-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">panel.border =</span> <span class="fu">element_blank</span>(),</span>
<span id="cb177-6"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb177-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">axis.text =</span> <span class="fu">element_blank</span>(),</span>
<span id="cb177-7"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb177-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">axis.ticks =</span> <span class="fu">element_blank</span>(),</span>
<span id="cb177-8"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb177-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">legend.position=</span><span class="st">"none"</span>) </span>
<span id="cb177-9"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb177-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>}</span></code></pre></div>
<ul>
<li>数据模拟</li>
</ul>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb178"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb178-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb178-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(DT)</span>
<span id="cb178-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb178-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(ggplot2)</span>
<span id="cb178-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb178-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>num <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">100</span></span>
<span id="cb178-4"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb178-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>data <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">data.frame</span>(<span class="st">'id'</span> <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span>num,<span class="st">'value'</span> <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">rgamma</span>(num,<span class="dv">2</span>,<span class="dv">1</span>),<span class="st">'class'</span> <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">factor</span>(<span class="fu">gl</span>(<span class="dv">5</span>,num<span class="sc">/</span><span class="dv">5</span>)))</span>
<span id="cb178-5"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb178-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">datatable</span>(data)</span></code></pre></div>
<div id="htmlwidget-4036defd9dea422f80fb" style="width:100%;height:auto;" class="datatables html-widget"></div>
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<ul>
<li>绘图</li>
</ul>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb179"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb179-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb179-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p1 <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(data,<span class="fu">aes</span>(id,value)) <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb179-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb179-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_line</span>() <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb179-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb179-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_hline</span>(<span class="at">yintercept =</span> <span class="fu">max</span>(data<span class="sc">$</span>value)<span class="sc">+</span><span class="fl">0.2</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb179-4"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb179-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_hline</span>(<span class="at">yintercept =</span> <span class="fu">min</span>(data<span class="sc">$</span>value)<span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">0.2</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb179-5"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb179-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_bw</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb179-6"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb179-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_manual</span>() <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">xlab</span>(<span class="st">''</span>) <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">ylab</span>(<span class="st">''</span>)</span>
<span id="cb179-7"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb179-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p1</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-16-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb180"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb180-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb180-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="do">## 纵向密度函数图</span></span>
<span id="cb180-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb180-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p2 <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>(data, <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> value, <span class="at">y =</span>class, <span class="at">fill =</span> class)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb180-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb180-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">geom_density_ridges</span>(<span class="fu">aes</span>(),<span class="at">alpha =</span> <span class="fl">0.2</span>,<span class="at">scale =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="at">bandwidth =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb180-4"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb180-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">coord_flip</span>() <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb180-5"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb180-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co"># scale_point_color_hue(l = 40) +</span></span>
<span id="cb180-6"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb180-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co"># scale_discrete_manual(aesthetics = "point_shape", values = c(21, 22, 23,24,25)) +</span></span>
<span id="cb180-7"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb180-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_bw</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb180-8"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb180-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_manual</span>() <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">xlab</span>(<span class="st">''</span>) <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">ylab</span>(<span class="st">''</span>)</span>
<span id="cb180-9"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb180-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>p2</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-16-2.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
<ul>
<li>合并图形</li>
</ul>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb181"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb181-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb181-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(cowplot)</span>
<span id="cb181-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb181-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">plot_grid</span>(p1,p2,<span class="at">ncol =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-17-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div id="纯手动复现密度图" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="8.6">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">8.6</span> 纯手动复现密度图<a href="some-tips-alls.html#纯手动复现密度图" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>老板觉得课件的图形太过模糊和单调，于是想让我用 <a href="https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/">ggplot2</a> 包复现一下结果，做的更加高清、精美些。于是我花将近一个小时复现了下面这个图形：</p>
<p><img src="images/paste-224B4B25.png" /></p>
<p>主要有两部分构成：1. 绘制密度函数曲线并填充分位数面积；2. 添加各种线段和文字。</p>
<ul>
<li>数据产生</li>
</ul>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb182"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb182-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb182-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 数据产生</span></span>
<span id="cb182-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb182-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">set.seed</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>)</span>
<span id="cb182-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb182-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>mu <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">2</span>,<span class="dv">5</span>)</span>
<span id="cb182-4"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb182-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>std <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">1</span>)</span>
<span id="cb182-5"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb182-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>num <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="dv">1000</span></span>
<span id="cb182-6"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb182-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>r1 <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">rnorm</span>(num,mu[<span class="dv">1</span>],std[<span class="dv">1</span>])</span>
<span id="cb182-7"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb182-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>r2 <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">rnorm</span>(num,mu[<span class="dv">2</span>],std[<span class="dv">2</span>])</span>
<span id="cb182-8"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb182-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>data <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">data.frame</span>(<span class="st">'value'</span> <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(r1,<span class="fu">rep</span>(<span class="cn">NA</span>,num),r2,<span class="fu">rep</span>(<span class="cn">NA</span>,<span class="dv">5</span><span class="sc">*</span>num)),</span>
<span id="cb182-9"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb182-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="st">'class'</span> <span class="ot">=</span> <span class="fu">factor</span>(<span class="fu">rep</span>(<span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="dv">1</span><span class="sc">:</span><span class="dv">8</span>),<span class="at">each=</span> num)))</span>
<span id="cb182-10"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb182-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>knitr<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">kable</span>(<span class="fu">head</span>(data))</span></code></pre></div>
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th align="right">value</th>
<th align="left">class</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="right">1.373546</td>
<td align="left">1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="right">2.183643</td>
<td align="left">1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="right">1.164371</td>
<td align="left">1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="right">3.595281</td>
<td align="left">1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td align="right">2.329508</td>
<td align="left">1</td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td align="right">1.179532</td>
<td align="left">1</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>画图</li>
</ul>
<p>文中还是使用前面自定义的主题。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb183"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb183-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 画图</span></span>
<span id="cb183-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">ggplot</span>(data, <span class="fu">aes</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> value, <span class="at">y =</span> class,<span class="at">fill =</span> <span class="fu">factor</span>(<span class="fu">stat</span>(quantile)))) <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb183-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co"># 添加密度函数图</span></span>
<span id="cb183-4"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">stat_density_ridges</span>(</span>
<span id="cb183-5"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">geom =</span> <span class="st">"density_ridges_gradient"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb183-6"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">calc_ecdf =</span> <span class="cn">TRUE</span>,<span class="at">rel_min_height =</span> <span class="fl">0.02</span>,</span>
<span id="cb183-7"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">quantiles =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="fl">0.025</span>, <span class="fl">0.975</span>),</span>
<span id="cb183-8"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">alpha =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="at">scale =</span> <span class="fl">0.6</span>,<span class="at">bandwidth =</span> <span class="dv">1</span></span>
<span id="cb183-9"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb183-10"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">scale_fill_manual</span>(</span>
<span id="cb183-11"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">name =</span> <span class="st">"Probability"</span>, <span class="at">values =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"#FF0000A0"</span>, <span class="st">"white"</span>, <span class="st">"#FF0000A0"</span>), <span class="co">#"#0000FFA0"</span></span>
<span id="cb183-12"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">labels =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"(0, 0.025]"</span>, <span class="st">"(0.025, 0.975]"</span>, <span class="st">"(0.975, 1]"</span>)</span>
<span id="cb183-13"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> ) <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb183-14"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="co"># 添加各种线段，文字</span></span>
<span id="cb183-15"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="st">"segment"</span>, <span class="at">x =</span> mu[<span class="dv">1</span>], <span class="at">xend =</span> mu[<span class="dv">1</span>], <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="at">yend =</span> <span class="dv">7</span>,<span class="at">colour =</span> <span class="st">"black"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb183-16"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="st">"segment"</span>, <span class="at">x =</span> mu[<span class="dv">2</span>]<span class="sc">-</span><span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="at">xend =</span> mu[<span class="dv">2</span>]<span class="sc">-</span><span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="at">yend =</span> <span class="dv">7</span>,<span class="at">colour =</span> <span class="st">"#0000FFA0"</span>,<span class="at">lty =</span> <span class="st">"dashed"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb183-17"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="st">"segment"</span>, <span class="at">x =</span> mu[<span class="dv">1</span>]<span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">2.15</span>, <span class="at">xend =</span> mu[<span class="dv">1</span>]<span class="sc">-</span><span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="at">yend =</span> <span class="dv">7</span>,<span class="at">colour =</span> <span class="st">"#0000FFA0"</span>,<span class="at">lty =</span> <span class="st">"dashed"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb183-18"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="st">"segment"</span>, <span class="at">x =</span> mu[<span class="dv">2</span>], <span class="at">xend =</span> mu[<span class="dv">2</span>], <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="dv">3</span><span class="fl">-0.02</span>, <span class="at">yend =</span> <span class="fl">4.18</span>,<span class="at">colour =</span> <span class="st">"black"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb183-19"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="st">"segment"</span>, <span class="at">x =</span> <span class="dv">0</span>, <span class="at">xend =</span> <span class="dv">10</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="at">yend =</span> <span class="dv">3</span>,<span class="at">colour =</span> <span class="st">"black"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb183-20"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="st">"segment"</span>, <span class="at">x =</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="dv">3</span>, <span class="at">xend =</span> <span class="dv">7</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="at">yend =</span> <span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="at">colour =</span> <span class="st">"black"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb183-21"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="st">"text"</span>, <span class="at">x =</span> mu[<span class="dv">1</span>], <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="fl">0.7</span>, <span class="at">label =</span> <span class="fu">expression</span>(mu[T])) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb183-22"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="st">"text"</span>, <span class="at">x =</span> mu[<span class="dv">1</span>]<span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">2.15</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="fl">0.7</span>, <span class="at">label =</span> <span class="fu">expression</span>(alpha[<span class="dv">1</span>])) <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb183-23"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-23" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="st">"text"</span>, <span class="at">x =</span> mu[<span class="dv">1</span>]<span class="sc">+</span><span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="fl">0.7</span>, <span class="at">label =</span> <span class="fu">expression</span>(alpha[<span class="dv">2</span>])) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb183-24"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-24" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="st">"text"</span>, <span class="at">x =</span> mu[<span class="dv">2</span>], <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="fl">2.8</span>, <span class="at">label =</span> <span class="fu">expression</span>(mu[T])) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb183-25"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-25" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="st">"text"</span>, <span class="at">x =</span> <span class="fl">0.5</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="fl">3.9</span>, <span class="at">label =</span> <span class="fu">expression</span>(beta)) <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb183-26"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-26" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="at">geom =</span> <span class="st">"line"</span>,<span class="at">x =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="fl">0.8</span>, <span class="fl">3.1</span>),</span>
<span id="cb183-27"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-27" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="fl">3.8</span>, <span class="fl">3.2</span>),</span>
<span id="cb183-28"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-28" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">arrow =</span> <span class="fu">arrow</span>(<span class="at">angle =</span> <span class="dv">20</span>, <span class="at">length =</span> <span class="fu">unit</span>(<span class="dv">4</span>, <span class="st">"mm"</span>))) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb183-29"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-29" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="st">"text"</span>, <span class="at">x =</span> mu[<span class="dv">1</span>], <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="fl">7.3</span>, <span class="at">label =</span> <span class="st">"CL"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb183-30"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-30" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="st">"text"</span>, <span class="at">x =</span> mu[<span class="dv">2</span>]<span class="sc">-</span><span class="dv">1</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="fl">7.4</span>, <span class="at">label =</span> <span class="st">"UCL"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb183-31"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-31" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="st">"text"</span>, <span class="at">x =</span> mu[<span class="dv">1</span>]<span class="sc">-</span><span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="fl">7.4</span>, <span class="at">label =</span> <span class="st">"LCL"</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb183-32"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-32" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">annotate</span>(<span class="st">"text"</span>, <span class="at">x =</span> <span class="sc">-</span><span class="fl">1.3</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="fl">2.3</span>, <span class="at">label =</span> <span class="fu">expression</span>(alpha[<span class="dv">1</span>] <span class="sc">+</span> alpha[<span class="dv">2</span>] <span class="sc">==</span> alpha)) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb183-33"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-33" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">coord_flip</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb183-34"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-34" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_bw</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb183-35"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb183-35" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">theme_manual</span>() <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">xlab</span>(<span class="st">''</span>) <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">ylab</span>(<span class="st">''</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-19-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
<p>可以看到，现在得到的结果还是有点问题的。笔者能力有限，不能使用代卖复现的一模一样（也是为了省时间），于是我是用了 <a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/BkPAsH8qDZzQkcBRgMsOSw">AI</a> 大法，对该图形进行了修改。最后得到：</p>
<p><img src="images/paste-39BF420C.png" /></p>
</div>
<div id="绘制贝叶斯分析相关图形" class="section level2 hasAnchor" number="8.7">
<h2><span class="header-section-number">8.7</span> 绘制贝叶斯分析相关图形<a href="some-tips-alls.html#绘制贝叶斯分析相关图形" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h2>
<p>主要使用 <a href="https://github.com/stan-dev/bayesplot">bayesplot</a> 包进行绘制，对应的速查表网址为：<a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rstudio/cheatsheets/main/bayesplot.pdf" class="uri">https://raw.githubusercontent.com/rstudio/cheatsheets/main/bayesplot.pdf</a></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb184"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb184-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb184-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># 加载需要使用的包</span></span>
<span id="cb184-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb184-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(showtext)</span>
<span id="cb184-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb184-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">showtext_auto</span>() <span class="co">#解决中文字体乱码问题</span></span>
<span id="cb184-4"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb184-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(bayesplot) </span>
<span id="cb184-5"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb184-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(rstanarm) </span>
<span id="cb184-6"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb184-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">options</span>(<span class="at">mc.cores =</span> parallel<span class="sc">::</span><span class="fu">detectCores</span>()) </span>
<span id="cb184-7"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb184-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(ggplot2) </span>
<span id="cb184-8"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb184-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(dplyr)</span></code></pre></div>
<div id="模型建模" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.7.1">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.7.1</span> 模型建模<a href="some-tips-alls.html#模型建模" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>为了展示贝叶斯图，我们将使用 <code>rstanarm::stan glm</code> 拟合线性回归，并始终使用这个模型。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb185"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb185-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb185-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>model <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">stan_glm</span>(mpg<span class="sc">~</span>., <span class="at">data=</span>mtcars, <span class="at">chains=</span><span class="dv">4</span>) </span>
<span id="cb185-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb185-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>posterior <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">as.matrix</span>(model)</span>
<span id="cb185-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb185-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"># head(posterior)</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>展示你感兴趣参数的后验分布。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb186"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb186-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb186-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">showtext_auto</span>() </span>
<span id="cb186-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb186-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">mcmc_areas</span>(posterior, <span class="at">pars =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"drat"</span>, <span class="st">"am"</span>, <span class="st">"wt"</span>),<span class="at">prob =</span> <span class="fl">0.8</span>) <span class="sc">+</span> <span class="fu">ggtitle</span>(<span class="st">"Posterior"</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-22-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
<p>使用轨迹追踪图诊断收敛性</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb187"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb187-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb187-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">mcmc_trace</span>(posterior, <span class="at">pars=</span><span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"sigma"</span>, <span class="st">"wt"</span>))</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-23-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
<p>使用<code>as.array</code>，可以提取每一个链的数据。这允许您查看每个链所选参数的跟踪图。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb188"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb188-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb188-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>posterior_chains <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">as.array</span>(model) </span>
<span id="cb188-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb188-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>fargs <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">list</span>(<span class="at">ncol =</span> <span class="dv">2</span>, <span class="at">labeller =</span> label_parsed) </span>
<span id="cb188-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb188-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>pars <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"(Intercept)"</span>, <span class="st">"sigma"</span>) </span>
<span id="cb188-4"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb188-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>chains_trace <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">mcmc_trace</span>(posterior_chains, <span class="at">pars =</span> pars, <span class="at">n_warmup =</span> <span class="dv">300</span>, <span class="at">facet_args =</span> fargs)</span>
<span id="cb188-5"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb188-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>chains_trace</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-24-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
<p>配对图有助于确定是否有任何高度相关的参数。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb189"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb189-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb189-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>posterior_chains <span class="sc">%>%</span> <span class="fu">mcmc_pairs</span>(<span class="at">pars =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"(Intercept)"</span>, <span class="st">"wt"</span>, <span class="st">"sigma"</span>))</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-25-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div id="后验预测检查" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.7.2">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.7.2</span> 后验预测检查<a href="some-tips-alls.html#后验预测检查" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>用后验预测密度来检查模型如何覆盖你的数据。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb190"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb190-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb190-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>ppd <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">posterior_predict</span>(model, <span class="at">draws=</span><span class="dv">500</span>) </span>
<span id="cb190-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb190-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>ppd <span class="sc">%>%</span></span>
<span id="cb190-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb190-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">ppc_intervals</span>(<span class="at">y =</span> mtcars<span class="sc">$</span>mpg, <span class="at">yrep =</span> ., <span class="at">x =</span> mtcars<span class="sc">$</span>wt, <span class="at">prob =</span> <span class="fl">0.5</span>) <span class="sc">+</span> </span>
<span id="cb190-4"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb190-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">labs</span>(<span class="at">x =</span> <span class="st">"Weight (1000 lbs)"</span>, <span class="at">y =</span> <span class="st">"MPG"</span>, <span class="at">title =</span> <span class="st">""</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-26-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb191"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb191-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb191-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>ppd <span class="sc">%>%</span> <span class="fu">ppc_stat_grouped</span>(<span class="at">y =</span> mtcars<span class="sc">$</span>mpg,</span>
<span id="cb191-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb191-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">group =</span> mtcars<span class="sc">$</span>am,</span>
<span id="cb191-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb191-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="at">stat =</span> <span class="st">"median"</span>, <span class="at">binwidth=</span><span class="fl">0.5</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-26-2.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
</div>
<div id="诊断" class="section level3 hasAnchor" number="8.7.3">
<h3><span class="header-section-number">8.7.3</span> 诊断<a href="some-tips-alls.html#诊断" class="anchor-section" aria-label="Anchor link to header"></a></h3>
<p>Bayesplot 可以方便地检查 rstanarm 默认使用的NUTS采样方法的诊断。</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb192"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb192-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb192-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">mcmc_scatter</span>(posterior, <span class="at">pars =</span> <span class="fu">c</span>(<span class="st">"wt"</span>, <span class="st">"sigma"</span>), <span class="at">np =</span> <span class="fu">nuts_params</span>(model<span class="sc">$</span>stanfit))</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-27-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb193"><pre class="sourceCode r"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb193-1"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb193-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>np <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">nuts_params</span>(model<span class="sc">$</span>stanfit)</span>
<span id="cb193-2"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb193-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="fu">mcmc_nuts_energy</span>(np, <span class="at">binwidth=</span><span class="dv">1</span>) <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb193-3"><a href="some-tips-alls.html#cb193-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="fu">ggtitle</span>(<span class="st">"NUTS Energy Diagnostic"</span>)</span></code></pre></div>
<p><img src="6001-some-examples_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-28-1.png" width="672" style="display: block; margin: auto;" /></p>
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