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<title>Séance 5</title>
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</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/highlight.js/9.18.3/styles/github.min.css">
</head>
<body class="article">
<div id="header">
<h1>Séance 5</h1>
<div id="toc" class="toc">
<div id="toctitle">Table des matières</div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#_étape_1_hello_world">Étape 1 : Hello World</a></li>
<li><a href="#_étape_2_http_server">Étape 2 : HTTP Server</a></li>
<li><a href="#_étape_3_express">Étape 3 : Express</a></li>
<li><a href="#_étape_4_express_middleware">Étape 4 : Express Middleware</a></li>
<li><a href="#_étape_5_afficher_du_html">Étape 5 : Afficher du HTML</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#_fichiers_statiques">Fichiers statiques</a></li>
<li><a href="#_afficher_index_html">Afficher index.html</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#_étape_6_projet_api">Étape 6 : Projet API</a></li>
<li><a href="#_étape_7_projet_vue">Étape 7 : Projet Vue</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div id="preamble">
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Node.js est une plateforme javascript basée sur le moteur V8 de Google permettant d’utiliser javascript comme language serveur.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Téléchargez et installez Node.js : <a href="https://nodejs.org/en/download/" class="bare">https://nodejs.org/en/download/</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_étape_1_hello_world">Étape 1 : Hello World</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Créez un fichier helloworld.js :</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="title">helloworld.js</div>
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-js hljs" data-lang="js">console.log("Hello World")</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Exécutez le :</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-shell hljs" data-lang="shell">node helloworld.js</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_étape_2_http_server">Étape 2 : HTTP Server</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Créez un fichier server.js avec le code suivant :
.server.js</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-js hljs" data-lang="js">const http = require('http');
const hostname = '127.0.0.1';
const port = 3000;
const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
res.statusCode = 200;
res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain');
res.end('Hello World\n');
});
server.listen(port, hostname, () => {
console.log(`Server running at http://${hostname}:${port}/`);
});</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Analysez et exécutez ce fichier. Ouvrez <a href="http://localhost:3000" class="bare">http://localhost:3000</a></p>
</div>
<div class="quoteblock">
<blockquote>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Node.js utilise le système de module <strong>CommonJS</strong> : il faut utiliser le style d’import <code>require</code> au lieu de <code>import</code> comme nous le faisions avec Vue.js (<code>const mod = require('module')</code> à la place de <code>import mod from 'module'</code>)
<strong>http</strong> est un module natif de Node.js. Il donne un accès bas niveau pour créer un serveur HTTP.</p>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="quoteblock">
<blockquote>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Node.js inclu plusieurs autres modules par défaut, par exemple <strong>FS</strong> pour la gestion des fichiers, <strong>Crypto</strong>, <strong>Process</strong> etc…​</p>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_étape_3_express">Étape 3 : Express</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Il est néanmoins difficile de créer un serveur web complexe avec ce module bas niveau, c’est pourquoi nous allons utiliser le framework web <a href="http://expressjs.com/">Express</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Construit par dessus le module HTTP/HTTPS, il va nous permettre de construire plus facile un serveur web complexe.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Installez Express :</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-shell hljs" data-lang="shell">npm install --save express</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Créez et exécutez le fichier <code>helloworld_express.js</code> :</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="title">helloworld_express.js</div>
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-js hljs" data-lang="js">const express = require('express')
const app = express()
app.get('/', (req, res) => res.send('Hello World!'))
app.listen(3000, () => console.log('Example app listening on port 3000!'))</code></pre>
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</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Ouvrez <a href="http://localhost:3000" class="bare">http://localhost:3000</a> et <a href="http://localhost:3000/other_route" class="bare">http://localhost:3000/other_route</a>. Que remarquez-vous ?</p>
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<div class="paragraph">
<p>Express permet de définir les routes de notre applications à l’aide des verbes HTTP : <em>app.get</em>, <em>app.post</em>, <em>app.put</em>, <em>app.delete</em> etc…​</p>
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<div class="paragraph">
<p>Ces méthodes prennent 2 paramètres :</p>
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<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Une chaîne de caractère représentant le chemin de cette route : '/', '/foo', '/bar'. Tout comme Vue-router, la route peut contenir des paramètres : <code>'/foo/:param1/:id'</code>. Ces paramètres seront accessible dans le callback</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Un callback : une méthode appelée avec 2 paramètres : <code>request</code> et <code>response</code>.</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>request</code> contient les informations de la requête : paramètres de l’URL <code>req.params.param1</code>, corps de la requête <code>req.body</code>, paramètres passée dans l’url <code>req.query.get_parameter</code>, etc…​ <a href="http://expressjs.com/en/api.html#req" class="bare">http://expressjs.com/en/api.html#req</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>response</code> permet de constuire la réponse qui est renvoyée au navigateur, le contenu de la réponse etc…​ <code>response.status(200).type('text/html').send('Hello')</code></p>
</li>
</ul>
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</li>
</ul>
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<div class="paragraph">
<p>La méthode send permet de retourner une chaîne de caractère (le code HTML de la page par exemple), ou un objet json (pratique pour le retour d’une API).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Afin de pouvoir lire le contenu de la requête (<strong>req.body</strong>) vous devez installer le middleware body-parser :</p>
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<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-shell hljs" data-lang="shell">npm install --save body-parser</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Puis dans votre code :</p>
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<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-js hljs" data-lang="js">const express = require('express')
const bodyParser = require('body-parser');
const app = express()
app.use(bodyParser.json()) //parse JSON body
app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded()) //parse x-www-form-urlencoded body</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Un URL encoded form body vient principalement d’un formulaire HTML. Le corps de la requête ressemble à <code>foo=2&bar=8</code> et est parsé par body-parser pour que <em>request.body</em> soit l’objet : <code>{foo: '2', bar: '8'}</code></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Un corps de requête JSON est directement converti dans l’objet javascript correspondant.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Créez un serveur Express avec les routes suivantes :</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>GET /foo/:myvar</code> qui retourne au serveur <code>{var: contenu du paramètre myvar</code>}</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>POST /add</code> avec 2 paramètres <code>foo=2</code> et <code>bar=8</code> qui retourne au navigateur l’addition des 2 paramètres dans l’URL</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="quoteblock">
<blockquote>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Vous pourriez avoir besoin de la fonction <strong>parseInt</strong></p>
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</blockquote>
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<div class="quoteblock">
<blockquote>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Pour tester vos différentes routes, vous pouvez utiliser l’application <a href="https://www.getpostman.com/">Postman</a>.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_étape_4_express_middleware">Étape 4 : Express Middleware</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Un middleware est une étape par laquelle va passer chaque requête reçue par Express avant d’être transmise au <em>route handler</em> (c’est à dire app.get, app.post etc…​).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><span class="image"><img src="images/middleware.png" alt="middleware"></span></p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Ces middlewares peuvent avoir plusieurs intérêts, notamment :</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Vérifier qu’un utilisateur est connecté à chaque requête</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Body-parser prend le corps de la requête et le converti en objet javascript</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>S’assurer que l’utilisateur a le droit de faire la requête</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Écrire dans le fichier de log les requêtes</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>L’écriture la plus complète d’un middleware est la suivante :</p>
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<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-js hljs" data-lang="js">app.get('chemin', (req, res, next) => {
next();
})</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><span class="image"><img src="images/middlewareexplained.png" alt="middlewareexplained"></span></p>
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<div class="paragraph">
<p>La fonction <em>next</em> passée en paramètre permet au middleware d’indiquer à Express de passer au middleware suivant.</p>
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<div class="paragraph">
<p>Ce middleware sera donc exécuté pour une requête GET sur le chemin passé en 1er paramètre.</p>
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<div class="paragraph">
<p>On peut aussi écrire :</p>
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<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-js hljs" data-lang="js">app.get( (req, res, next) => {
next();
})</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Le middleware sera alors exécuté pour toutes les requêtes GET envoyées au serveur.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>On peut aussi écrire :</p>
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<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-js hljs" data-lang="js">app.use( (req, res, next) => {
next();
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Le middleware sera alors exécuté pour toutes les requêtes envoyées au serveur sans distinction de verbe HTTP (GET, POST, PUT etc…​).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Écrivez un middleware qui affiche dans la console l’heure, le chemin et le contenu du body de chaque requêtes envoyées au serveur. Ajoutez la date de la requête à l’objet de la requête.</strong></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_étape_5_afficher_du_html">Étape 5 : Afficher du HTML</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>En plus de pouvoir retourner au navigateur une chaîne de caractères ou un objet JSON (<em>res.send</em> : <a href="http://expressjs.com/en/api.html#res.send" class="bare">http://expressjs.com/en/api.html#res.send</a>), vous pouvez utiliser un système de template pour utiliser un système de template intégré à Express (<em>res.render</em> : <a href="http://expressjs.com/en/api.html#res.render" class="bare">http://expressjs.com/en/api.html#res.render</a>).</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Nous n’utiliserons pas de système de template dans ce cours, toute la partie est gérée avec Vue.js.</p>
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<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_fichiers_statiques">Fichiers statiques</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Pour permettre au navigateur d’accéder aux fichiers statiques (fichier CSS, javascript, images), le middleware <em>express.static</em> est utilisé :</p>
</div>
<div class="listingblock">
<div class="content">
<pre class="highlightjs highlight"><code class="language-js hljs" data-lang="js">app.use('/static', express.static('folder/of/static/files'))</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect2">
<h3 id="_afficher_index_html">Afficher index.html</h3>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Créez un fichier <em>index.html</em> qui va être le point d’entrée de notre application Vue.js.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p><strong>Faites en sorte que le contenu de ce fichier soit retourné au navigateur lorsque nous accédons au chemin root '/'.</strong></p>
</div>
<div class="quoteblock">
<blockquote>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Utilisez <a href="http://expressjs.com/en/api.html#res.sendFile">res.sendFile</a></p>
</div>
</blockquote>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_étape_6_projet_api">Étape 6 : Projet API</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Écrivez un serveur Node.js qui stocke une liste de films (variable globale) et met à disposition les urls suivantes :</p>
</div>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>GET /api/movies/all</code> retourne un tableau avec tout les films</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>GET /api/movies/:id</code> retourne l’objet correspondant au film avec l’identifiant <code>id</code></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>POST /api/movies/:id</code> met à jour le film avec l’identifiant <code>id</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>POST /api/movies</code> : créé un nouveau film</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Commencez par implémenter la première route et passez à l’étape suivante.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="_étape_7_projet_vue">Étape 7 : Projet Vue</h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Afin de faire une requête depuis Vue.js vers votre API Node.js, vous allez devoir faire une requête Ajax. Plusieurs clients existent, nous allons utiliser <a href="https://github.com/mzabriskie/axios">axios</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Votre store va définir une action (appelons là <em>getMoviesFromAPI</em>) qui fait une requête à l’API pour récupérer la liste des films.</p>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>Lors du chargement du composant liste de film, voilà ce qui se passe :</p>
</div>
<div class="olist arabic">
<ol class="arabic">
<li>
<p>Dispatch l’actions <em>getMoviesFromAPI</em></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Cette action fait une requête au serveur via Axios</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Lors du résultat de cette requête, la mutation <em>updateMovies</em> est appelée avec la liste des films reçue du serveur</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
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Last updated 2022-03-07 13:46:34 +0100
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