[release/8.0-staging] Update .NET 8 build images to use Azure Linux

[sbomer]

Replaces the build images for which we have equivalent Azure Linux images (see dotnet/dotnet-buildtools-prereqs-docker#1173).

[dotnet-policy-service]

Tagging subscribers to this area: @dotnet/runtime-infrastructure
See info in area-owners.md if you want to be subscribed.

[carlossanlop]

This is infra, so I marked it as servicing-approved.

@sbomer @akoeplinger friendly reminder that today's Code Complete day for the February 2025 Release. If you want this fix included in that release, please make sure this PR is merged before 4pm PT. Otherwise it will have to wait until next month.

[sbomer]

It seems the nodejs installation inside emsdk is broken, possibly related to dotnet/dotnet-buildtools-prereqs-docker#1291:

node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:927
throw err;
^

Error: Cannot find module 'node:path'
Require stack:

• /usr/local/emscripten/emsdk/node/15.14.0_64bit/lib/node_modules/npm/lib/cli.js
• /usr/local/emscripten/emsdk/node/15.14.0_64bit/lib/node_modules/npm/bin/npm-cli.js
  at Function.Module._resolveFilename (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:924:15)
  at Function.Module._load (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:769:27)
  at Module.require (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:996:19)
  at require (node:internal/modules/cjs/helpers:92:18)
  at Object. (/usr/local/emscripten/emsdk/node/15.14.0_64bit/lib/node_modules/npm/lib/cli.js:10:18)
  at Module._compile (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:1092:14)
  at Object.Module._extensions..js (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:1121:10)
  at Module.load (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:972:32)
  at Function.Module._load (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:813:14)
  at Module.require (node:internal/modules/cjs/loader:996:19) {
  code: 'MODULE_NOT_FOUND',
  requireStack: [
  '/usr/local/emscripten/emsdk/node/15.14.0_64bit/lib/node_modules/npm/lib/cli.js',
  '/usr/local/emscripten/emsdk/node/15.14.0_64bit/lib/node_modules/npm/bin/npm-cli.js'
  ]
  }
  /__w/1/s/src/mono/wasm/wasm.proj(513,5): error MSB3073: The command "bash -c 'source /usr/local/emscripten/emsdk/emsdk_env.sh > /dev/null 2>&1 && npm ci'" exited with code 1.

It seems the npm install uses the node:path import syntax that requires node 16. Maybe https://github.com/dotnet/dotnet-buildtools-prereqs-docker/pull/1291/files#diff-a6274c9b8046ff8d5f82488f47958d10c151359bf4e7f5b7eba60f19372c241fR38 need to avoid updating to the latest npm. @akoeplinger do you mind taking a look?